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Author: A. B. Smith Publisher: ISBN: Category : Fission products Languages : en Pages : 44
Book Description
The distribution of the kinetic energy of fragments emitted as a result of the neutron-induced fission of Th-232 has been determined. Incident neutron energies of 1475 plus or minus 35 kev and 1600 plus or minus 35 kev were used. The distributions determined at the two incident neutron energies are identical. The measured total average fragment kinetic energy was l55 plus or minus 4.5 Mev. The most probable fragment mass ratio is 1.47 plus or minus 0.05, and the average kinetic energies of the light and heavy fragments are 95 plus or minus 2 and 60 plus or minus 3 Mev, respectively. The experimental results were related to the known systematics of neutron-induced and spontaneous fission. The effect of collective nuclear rotations at the saddle point is discussed, with particular emphasis on fission from specific rotational bands.
Author: A. B. Smith Publisher: ISBN: Category : Fission products Languages : en Pages : 44
Book Description
The distribution of the kinetic energy of fragments emitted as a result of the neutron-induced fission of Th-232 has been determined. Incident neutron energies of 1475 plus or minus 35 kev and 1600 plus or minus 35 kev were used. The distributions determined at the two incident neutron energies are identical. The measured total average fragment kinetic energy was l55 plus or minus 4.5 Mev. The most probable fragment mass ratio is 1.47 plus or minus 0.05, and the average kinetic energies of the light and heavy fragments are 95 plus or minus 2 and 60 plus or minus 3 Mev, respectively. The experimental results were related to the known systematics of neutron-induced and spontaneous fission. The effect of collective nuclear rotations at the saddle point is discussed, with particular emphasis on fission from specific rotational bands.
Author: A. Turkevich Publisher: ISBN: Category : Fission products Languages : en Pages : 54
Book Description
The relative yields of more than twenty products in the thorium have been determined radiochemically. Pile neutrons with an estimated effective average energy of 2.6 Mev were used. The data have been used to construct a complete fission yield curve for Th232. This is compared with the yield curves of other fissionable nuclei. Thorium fission is similar to the neutron fission of U235, U233, Pu239, and U238 in being highly asymmetric. With the neutrons used in this work the peak yields occur 110 times as frequently as symmetrical products.
Author: Maksat Kuatbek Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Accurate knowledge of actinide fission yields is a prerequisite for numerous applications, such as nuclear forensics, nuclear safeguards, nuclear waste management, and sub-critical fission/fusion reactor kinetics. The experimental measurement of long-lived fission fragments of various actinides has been an active area of interest in the nuclear community over several decades. However, fission yields of the shorter-lived (half-life 3 days) radionuclides were typically obtained through modelling and extrapolation of the available data, causing relatively high uncertainties (up to 64%). The lack of experimental measurements for short-lived fission products is associated with a combination of challenges related to the complexity of the sample (a mixture of hundreds of radionuclides), controllability of the experiment (knowledge of neutron source), time management (pace of radioactive decay), and counting statistics (significant gamma-ray interferences). The experimental fission yield data limitations are particularly pronounced for the fast neutron (0.1 MeV) energy spectrum because of the limited availability of research nuclear reactors with hard neutron spectra. This research aims to fill this gap in nuclear data by measuring and characterizing short-lived (half-lives from 10 minutes to 3 days) fission fragments of Th-232, using rapid radiochemical separation techniques to remove interfering neutron activation products and using the Penn State Breazeale Reactor's (PSBR Fast Neutron Irradiator (FNI) fixture as a source of fast neutrons. As a part of this work, the neutron spectrum in the FNI was fully characterized using the multi-foil activation technique, Monte Carlo software predictions, and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory's STAYSL neutron flux adjustment software. A high purity germanium (HPGe) gamma-ray spectrometer was fully characterized by using the GEANT4 Cascade Summing Correction (G4CSC) code, and the simulation results were validated by comparing them with experimental measurements of known standard sources. In addition, the HPGe detector was fully calibrated using a customized multi-nuclide multi gamma-ray emitting calibration source. The results of the FNI fixture characterization were used to determine the optimal experimental parameters for achieving approximately 108 fissions in the sample, and the expected gamma-ray spectra were simulated using the GEANT4 model of the HPGe detector. A 27.18 mg thorium sample was irradiated at the FNI fixture with the reactor power at 200 kW for 15 minutes. Then, the mix of fission products and Th-233 (an activation product) was measured using the HPGe (Blue) detector for 15 minutes, after 22.3 minutes from the end of irradiation. Next, the bulk of the fission products were isolated from the Th-233 using ion-exchange chromatography. The sample containing thorium fission products was repetitively counted sixteen times, ranging in durations from five minutes to 12 hours. The first 5-minute measurement was conducted 85.3 minutes after the completion of the irradiation. Finally, the experimentally determined fission yields were compared to the reported values in the Evaluated Nuclear Data Files (ENDF) and the Joint Evaluated Fission/Fusion Files (JEFF) libraries. The evaluation revealed that in this study, the cumulative fission yields of nine thorium fission products were determined with improved uncertainties compared to those reported in JEFF 3.3. The measurement uncertainties of ten fission products were also found to be lower than the uncertainties presented in ENDF/B-VIII.0. Furthermore, the scope of this research includes performing the necessary calculations and simulations for subsequent measurements of short-lived fission fragments of U-233, U-235, and U-238. Consequently, this work provides all the experimental parameters required for studying the uranium isotopes, as well as the estimated gamma-ray spectra at various decay times.
Author: Thomas James Dolan Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0323993567 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 1068
Book Description
Molten Salt Reactors and Thorium Energy, Second Edition is a fully updated comprehensive reference on the latest advances in MSR research and technology. Building on the successful first edition, Tom Dolan and the team of experts have fully updated the content to reflect the impressive advances from the last 5 years, ensuring this book continues to be the go-to reference on the topic. This new edition covers progress made in MSR design, details innovative experiments, and includes molten salt data, corrosion studies and deployment plans. The successful case studies section of the first edition have been removed, expanded, and fully updated, and are now published in a companion title called Global Case Studies on Molten Salt Reactors. Readers will gain a deep understanding of the advantages and challenges of MSR development and thorium fuel use, as well as step-by-step guidance on the latest in MSR reactor design. Each chapter provides a clear introduction, covers technical issues and includes examples and conclusions, while promoting the sustainability benefits throughout. - A fully updated comprehensive handbook on Molten Salt Reactors and Thorium Energy, written by a team of global experts - Covers MSR applications, technical issues, reactor types and reactor designs - Includes 3 brand new chapters which reflect the latest advances in research and technology since the first edition published - Presents case studies on molten salt reactors which aid in the transition to net zero by providing abundant clean, safe energy to complement wind and solar powe
Author: OpenStax Publisher: ISBN: 9781680920451 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 622
Book Description
University Physics is a three-volume collection that meets the scope and sequence requirements for two- and three-semester calculus-based physics courses. Volume 1 covers mechanics, sound, oscillations, and waves. Volume 2 covers thermodynamics, electricity and magnetism, and Volume 3 covers optics and modern physics. This textbook emphasizes connections between between theory and application, making physics concepts interesting and accessible to students while maintaining the mathematical rigor inherent in the subject. Frequent, strong examples focus on how to approach a problem, how to work with the equations, and how to check and generalize the result. The text and images in this textbook are grayscale.
Author: A. B. Smith
Author: A. B. Smith
Author: William H. Jones
Author: A. Turkevich
Author: Joseph L. Fowler
Author: Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
Author: Maksat Kuatbek
Author: Thomas James Dolan
Author: OpenStax
Author: J. Jungerman
Author: