The Facilitation of Perceptual Processing by Auditory-Visual Speech and the Subsequent Effect on Working Memory in Older Adults with Hearing Loss Or Cognitive Impairment PDF Download
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Author: Jana Baranyaiova Frtusova Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 207
Book Description
It has been proposed in the literature that if too many processing resources need to be devoted to perception then higher-order cognitive functions, such as working memory (WM), may suffer. This effect may be particularly evident in individuals who have restricted processing resources, such as older adults (OA) suffering from hearing loss or cognitive impairment. One possibility to facilitate perception during speech processing is through the auditory-visual (AV) modality. The current research examined whether AV speech perception helps to facilitate perceptual and WM processing in OAs with restricted processing resources. In both studies, participants completed a WM n-back task under different speech modalities: AV, auditory-only, or visual-only (Study 1). Both behavioural and event-related potentials (ERPs) measures were collected during the task. Study 1 examined the effect of AV speech on WM in OAs with hearing impairment compared to normal-hearing OAs. The results showed that AV speech in comparison to auditory-only speech led to facilitated perceptual processing in OAs with hearing impairment, as indicated by ERP responses. The AV modality also led to facilitated WM functioning in both groups, as suggested by ERP responses and behavioural reaction time. A few measures indicated that visual speech cues may have helped OAs with hearing impairment to counteract the demanding auditory processing. Study 2 examined the effect of AV speech on WM in OAs suffering from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer disease (AD) compared to cognitively healthy OAs. The ERP responses showed that the AV modality compared to the auditory-only modality led to facilitated perceptual and WM processing in both groups. In addition, the behavioural results showed improved accuracy during the WM task for the patient group, and faster reaction time for both the patient group and the cognitively healthy control group. Overall, the results showed that OAs with hearing or cognitive impairment benefit from AV speech in terms of improved WM performance. In fact, there were a few indications that the AV benefit may be even more robust in these groups than in cognitively healthy OAs. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Author: Jana Baranyaiova Frtusova Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 207
Book Description
It has been proposed in the literature that if too many processing resources need to be devoted to perception then higher-order cognitive functions, such as working memory (WM), may suffer. This effect may be particularly evident in individuals who have restricted processing resources, such as older adults (OA) suffering from hearing loss or cognitive impairment. One possibility to facilitate perception during speech processing is through the auditory-visual (AV) modality. The current research examined whether AV speech perception helps to facilitate perceptual and WM processing in OAs with restricted processing resources. In both studies, participants completed a WM n-back task under different speech modalities: AV, auditory-only, or visual-only (Study 1). Both behavioural and event-related potentials (ERPs) measures were collected during the task. Study 1 examined the effect of AV speech on WM in OAs with hearing impairment compared to normal-hearing OAs. The results showed that AV speech in comparison to auditory-only speech led to facilitated perceptual processing in OAs with hearing impairment, as indicated by ERP responses. The AV modality also led to facilitated WM functioning in both groups, as suggested by ERP responses and behavioural reaction time. A few measures indicated that visual speech cues may have helped OAs with hearing impairment to counteract the demanding auditory processing. Study 2 examined the effect of AV speech on WM in OAs suffering from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer disease (AD) compared to cognitively healthy OAs. The ERP responses showed that the AV modality compared to the auditory-only modality led to facilitated perceptual and WM processing in both groups. In addition, the behavioural results showed improved accuracy during the WM task for the patient group, and faster reaction time for both the patient group and the cognitively healthy control group. Overall, the results showed that OAs with hearing or cognitive impairment benefit from AV speech in terms of improved WM performance. In fact, there were a few indications that the AV benefit may be even more robust in these groups than in cognitively healthy OAs. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Author: Harriet A. Allen Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2889199371 Category : Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Languages : en Pages : 206
Book Description
Healthy ageing can lead to declines in both perceptual and cognitive functions. Impaired perception, such as that resulting from hearing loss or reduced visual or tactile resolution, increases demands on ‘higher-level’ cognitive functions to cope or compensate. It is possible, for example, to use focused attention to overcome perceptual limitations. Unfortunately, cognitive functions also decline in old age. This can mean that perceptual impairments are exacerbated by cognitive decline, and vice versa, but also means that interventions aimed at one type of decline can lead to improvements in the other. Just as improved cognition can ameliorate perceptual deficits, improving the stimulus can help offset cognitive deficits. For example, making directions and routes easy to follow can help compensate for declines in navigation abilities. In this Topic, we bring together papers from both auditory and visual researchers that address the interaction between perception and cognition in the ageing brain. Many of the studies demonstrate that a broadening of representations or increased reliance on gist underlie perceptual and cognitive age-related declines. There is also clear evidence that impaired perception is associated with poor cognition although, encouragingly, it can also be seen that good perception is associated with better cognition. Compensatory cognitive strategies were less successful in improving perception than might be expected. We also present papers which highlight important methodological considerations that are required when studying the older brain.
Author: Jana B. Frtusova Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Adding visual speech information (i.e. lip movements) to auditory speech information (i.e. voice) can enhance speech comprehension in younger and older adults while at the same time it reduces electrical brain responses, as measured by event-related potentials (ERPs). Thus, the brain seems to allocate fewer resources to speech comprehension when audio-visual (AV) speech information is available. This study examined whether the brain resources saved at the perceptual level during AV presentation allow younger and older adults to perform better on a working memory task, and whether older adults benefit to the same extent as younger adults. Twenty older adults and 23 younger adults completed an n-back working memory task (0-, 1-,2-, 3-back) under visual-only (V-only), auditory-only (A-only), and AV condition while ERPs were recorded. The results showed a decrease in reaction time across all memory loads and an improvement in accuracy for 2back and 3-back during AV compared to the V-only and A-only conditions. In addition, ERP analysis from a sample of 12 younger and 12 older adults showed a smaller N1 amplitude for the older group during AV compared to A-only presentation. The attenuation of N1, however, did not correlate with behavioural data. Nor did it show a relationship with changes either in the latency or the amplitude of P3, an ERP that reflects working memory processes. Thus, despite clear behavioural improvements on the working memory task during AV speech presentation, a more direct relationship between facilitation of sensory processing and working memory improvement was not identified.
Author: Mary Rudner Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2889198618 Category : Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Languages : en Pages : 274
Book Description
Communication is vital for social participation. However, communication often takes place under suboptimal conditions. This makes communication harder and less reliable, leading at worst to social isolation. In order to promote participation, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying communication in different situations. Human communication is often speech based, either oral or written, but may also involve gesture, either accompanying speech or in the form of sign language. For communication to be achieved, a signal generated by one person has to be perceived by another person, attended to, comprehended and responded to. This process may be hindered by adverse conditions including factors that may be internal to the sender (e.g. incomplete or idiosyncratic language production), occur during transmission (e.g. background noise or signal processing) or be internal to the receiver (e.g. poor grasp of the language or sensory impairment). The extent to which these factors interact to generate adverse conditions may differ across the lifespan. Recent work has shown that successful speech communication under adverse conditions is associated with good cognitive capacity including efficient working memory and executive abilities such as updating and inhibition. Further, frontoparietal networks associated with working memory and executive function have been shown to be activated to a greater degree when it is harder to achieve speech comprehension. To date, less work has focused on sign language communication under adverse conditions or the role of gestures accompanying speech communication under adverse conditions. It has been proposed that the role of working memory in communication under such conditions is to keep fragments of an incomplete signal in mind, updating them as appropriate and inhibiting irrelevant information, until an adequate match can be achieved with lexical and semantic representations held in long term memory. Recent models of working memory highlight an episodic buffer whose role is the multimodal integration of information from the senses and long term memory. It is likely that the episodic buffer plays a key role in communication under adverse conditions. The aim of this research topic is to draw together multiple perspectives on communication under adverse conditions including empirical and theoretical approaches. This will facilitate a scientific exchange among individual scientists and groups studying different aspects of communication under adverse conditions and/or the role of cognition in communication. As such, this topic belongs firmly within the field of Cognitive Hearing Science. Exchange of ideas among scientists with different perspectives on these issues will allow researchers to identify and highlight the way in which different internal and external factors interact to make communication in different modalities more or less successful across the lifespan. Such exchange is the forerunner of broader dissemination of results which ultimately, may make it possible to take measures to reduce adverse conditions, thus facilitating communication. Such measures might be implemented in relation to the built environment, the design of hearing aids and public awareness.
Author: Eric Failes Publisher: ISBN: Category : Electronic dissertations Languages : en Pages : 72
Book Description
A consistent finding in the literature (Benichov, Cox, Tun, & Wingfield, 2012; Dubno, Ahlstrom, & Horwitz, 2000; Hutchinson, 1989; Nittrouer & Boothroyd, 1990; Pichora-Fuller, Schneider & Daneman, 1995; Rogers, Jacoby, & Sommers, 2012; Sommers & Danielson, 1999; Wingfield, Aberdeen, & Stine, 1991) is that spoken word identification improves for both older and younger adults following the addition of a meaningful semantic context, but the improvements are typically greater for older adults. However, more recent findings (Jacoby, Rogers, Bishara, & Shimizu, 2012; Rogers, Jacoby, & Sommers, 2012) suggest that, especially under less favorable perceptual conditions, the increased benefits of semantic context for older compared with younger adults may reflect increased reliance on context as a basis for responding, rather than improved ability to use contextual information. This increased reliance on context makes older adults prone to context-based misperceptions -- termed false hearing -- when context is misleading. Although increased reliance on context by older adults has been described as a strategy for "filling in the blanks" caused by age-related declines in hearing acuity, few researchers have investigated the relationship between reliance on context and age-related changes in cognitive abilities. The present study examined the effects of working memory capacity, processing speed, and inhibitory control on veridical and false hearing in older and younger adults. We found that poor inhibitory control was related to increased susceptibility to false hearing among both older and younger adults. For older adults, slower processing speed was also related to increased susceptibility to false hearing, whereas higher working memory capacity and preserved inhibitory control corresponded to more accurate speech perception in the presence of misleading context. We propose that older adults' reliance on context may reflect a change in the relative weights assigned to contextual and sensory information during perception, wherein available contextual cues receive greater weight than sensory information. This reweighing of perceptual information may occur due to a combination of age-related hearing loss, which increases listening effort, and cognitive decline, which limits the resources available for effortful listening.
Author: Steven J. Luck Publisher: OUP USA ISBN: 0195374142 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 665
Book Description
The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components provides a detailed and comprehensive overview of the major ERP components. It covers components related to multiple research domains, including perception, cognition, emotion, neurological and psychiatric disorders, and lifespan development.
Author: Micah M. Murray Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1439812179 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 800
Book Description
It has become accepted in the neuroscience community that perception and performance are quintessentially multisensory by nature. Using the full palette of modern brain imaging and neuroscience methods, The Neural Bases of Multisensory Processes details current understanding in the neural bases for these phenomena as studied across species, stages of development, and clinical statuses. Organized thematically into nine sub-sections, the book is a collection of contributions by leading scientists in the field. Chapters build generally from basic to applied, allowing readers to ascertain how fundamental science informs the clinical and applied sciences. Topics discussed include: Anatomy, essential for understanding the neural substrates of multisensory processing Neurophysiological bases and how multisensory stimuli can dramatically change the encoding processes for sensory information Combinatorial principles and modeling, focusing on efforts to gain a better mechanistic handle on multisensory operations and their network dynamics Development and plasticity Clinical manifestations and how perception and action are affected by altered sensory experience Attention and spatial representations The last sections of the book focus on naturalistic multisensory processes in three separate contexts: motion signals, multisensory contributions to the perception and generation of communication signals, and how the perception of flavor is generated. The text provides a solid introduction for newcomers and a strong overview of the current state of the field for experts.
Author: Janel L. Cosby Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 322
Book Description
The current study explored the impact of short term auditory training (LACE-Degraded) and auditory-cognitive training (LACE 4.0) on speech perceptual and cognitive measures in older adults with mild-moderate sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Thirty five participants, ages 60 to 80 years, with symmetrical mild-moderate SNHL completed a preliminary test battery of speech perceptual, cognitive, and self-report measures. The 35 study participants were randomly placed into one of three training groups (LACE 4.0, LACE-Degraded, or Short-Story Listening Training). Participants completed one week of training followed by post-testing. Multivariate Analysis of Variance was used to determine if significant improvements in speech perceptual, cognitive processing, and/or self-reported communication abilities occurred following the different training conditions. In addition, Pearson Product Moment correlation analyses were used to determine associations between experimental measures. No significant differences were found for initial measures of speech perceptual, cognitive processing, or self-report communication abilities; age or hearing loss between the three groups. The main finding was improvement for the LACE 4.0 group with increased performance on some speech perceptual and self-report measures. No strong correlations were found between changes in speech perception and initial measures of cognition or self-report. However, small to moderate significant correlations were found between selected speech perceptual measures, between cognitive processing measures, and between self-report measures. In the current study, tests sharing more common features tended to show significant correlations. Of interest, was a strong significant positive correlation that occurred between the Words in Noise test (speech perceptual measure) and the Time Compressed Speech test (processing speed measure). These two measures shared three out of five common task features and used words from the NU 6 word list. Unlike others studies, the current study focused on auditory and auditory-cognitive training in non-hearing aid users. These types of trainings may be a valid option for non-hearing aid users. Further confirmation of short-term training benefit is important because there is low compliance for completing the traditional longer training programs.
Author: Jana Baranyaiova Frtusova
Author: Jana Baranyaiova Frtusova
Author: Rachel J. Ellis
Author: Harriet A. Allen
Author: Jana B. Frtusova
Author: Mary Rudner
Author: 
Author: Eric Failes
Author: Steven J. Luck
Author: Micah M. Murray
Author: Janel L. Cosby