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Author: Hong Fu Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319768018 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 419
Book Description
In the modern era, China’s rural credit landscape is transforming at a dizzying rate, but, in terms of financial development, these changes represent a second attempt in the past 100 years to reform China’s credit institutions and provide credit access to farmers. The first period was during the Republican era, between 1912 and 1949, which saw the first attempts at formalizing rural credit with the Industrial and Agricultural Banks. This book uses primary data and papers to present a full picture of the difficult conditions China faced during the Republican era in order to explain the myriad reforms to the country's rural credit system. Fu and Turvey build a narrative around these developments based on the foundation of thousands of years of dynastic rule in order to explore the specific impacts of drought, floods, famine, communist insurgencies, Japanese expansionism, and more on credit access, supply and demand. They consider powerful personalities—such as J.B. Taylor, John Lossing Buck, Paul Hsu and Timothy Richards—and influential institutions—from Nanking and Nankai Universities to the China International Famine Relief Commission—that sought ways to end the cycle that trapped the vast majority of Chinese farmers in poverty. This rich, wide-ranging, and stimulating work will appeal both to readers focused on present day China and those who want to understand China’s rural economy and credit policies in a historical context.
Author: Hong Fu Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319768018 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 419
Book Description
In the modern era, China’s rural credit landscape is transforming at a dizzying rate, but, in terms of financial development, these changes represent a second attempt in the past 100 years to reform China’s credit institutions and provide credit access to farmers. The first period was during the Republican era, between 1912 and 1949, which saw the first attempts at formalizing rural credit with the Industrial and Agricultural Banks. This book uses primary data and papers to present a full picture of the difficult conditions China faced during the Republican era in order to explain the myriad reforms to the country's rural credit system. Fu and Turvey build a narrative around these developments based on the foundation of thousands of years of dynastic rule in order to explore the specific impacts of drought, floods, famine, communist insurgencies, Japanese expansionism, and more on credit access, supply and demand. They consider powerful personalities—such as J.B. Taylor, John Lossing Buck, Paul Hsu and Timothy Richards—and influential institutions—from Nanking and Nankai Universities to the China International Famine Relief Commission—that sought ways to end the cycle that trapped the vast majority of Chinese farmers in poverty. This rich, wide-ranging, and stimulating work will appeal both to readers focused on present day China and those who want to understand China’s rural economy and credit policies in a historical context.
Author: Ziang Cheng Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 310
Book Description
In this thesis, I investigate certain aspects of credit in rural China between 1929 and 1933. Based on the extensive household-level data collected by John Lossing Buck for Land Utilization in China (1937) the purpose of this thesis is two-fold. First, I explore factors that influenced Chinese farmers' credit demand, supply and productivity. I include interactions including controls for the very uncertain historical environment facing farmers in the Republican era. Second, I investigate the constraints on access to credit, taking advantage of the data used and model I chose given the data available to me. More specifically, I determine the relationships between special expenditures (Weddings, Funeral, etc.), agricultural production and the demand and supply of credit. The conclusions I get are Chinese formal financial system was far away from complete due to the poor political and natural environment. Formal sources of credit are minuscule; Chinese farmers relied heavily on informal credit channels for consumptive purpose and productive purpose. In most cases from the regressions I run, loan demand increases with productivity; the higher productivity, the greater loan demand will be. For indebted farmers, the correlation between consumptive loan supply and productivity is negative while it is positive between productive loan supply and productivity. From the credit demand function, if there is more consumptive loan supply, there will be more consumptive loan demand; if there is more productive loan supply, and there will be less productive demand. We show that farmers' demand for credit was impacted by their purpose to borrow. From the credit supply function, increase in consumptive loan demand will not increase consumptive loan supply; while if the demand for productive loan demand was greater, the supply will also be higher. The final implications I find are that the more special the expenditure (wedding and funeral expense) the greater was credit demand by farmers (at least those who borrowed). And for those farmer who are not accustomed to living in debt, their decision to borrow or not will not be affected by the happening of wedding or funeral event. Some farmers may suffer great poverty but they still will choose not to borrow. An important conclusion from this study is that, by and large, the Chines farmer was a ratetaker. Our results find in the overwhelming number of cases that the demand was almost, if not, perfectly inelastic. Thus, we find over and over that the greater the demand for credit the higher the interest rate charged. This conclusion comes from the observation that in virtually all models examined, the supply equation had a positive relation between interest rate charged and loan demanded, but the demand equation had no measureable statistical relation between amount borrowed and the interest rate charged. As for production loans, at least some of the models investigated showed a downward, sloping demand for credit, and a positive relationship between credit and agricultural productivity. Finally, this study was based on the actual household data gathered by Professor Buck. Thought lost to history, this data was discovered in 2000 in the archives at Nanjing Agricultural University, and was preserved, and digitized by faculty and students in the College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural College. This thesis is the first to use this data outside of China, and the only study to investigate agricultural credit. We believe that this is the only study to investigate empirically and statistically the demand and supply of credit in the Republican era. However, we should also mention that not all data was recovered so there is not a perfect match on all variables between our available sample and the summary statistics in Land Utilization in China, although for the most part they are close and very much consistent. ii.
Author: Hao Hu Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3030126889 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 311
Book Description
This edited volume analyzes land utilization data from farm surveys taken in China between 1929 and 1933. This data, which was the foundation for John Lossing Buck’s seminal work Land Utilization in China (1937), was thought lost to history until rediscovered in 2000. The book presents the first modern analyses of agricultural economics in Republican China using Buck’s micro-data, covering important topics such as nutritional poverty, tenancy issues, land productivity, surplus labor, workers’ incomes, credit supply, and regional differences. Through using modern analytical methods, this book presents a more accurate picture of the agricultural economy in the Republican Era and will be of particular interest to agricultural economists, economic historians, and Chinese studies scholars.
Author: Thorben Pelzer Publisher: BRILL ISBN: 9004549552 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 293
Book Description
In the early twentieth century, the first large batch of Chinese civil engineers had graduated from the USA, and together with their American senior colleagues returned to China. They were enthusiastic about reconstructing the young republic by building new railways, highways, and canals, but what the engineers experienced in China, including mismanaged railways, useless highways, and silted canals, did not always meet their expectations and ideals. In this book, Thorben Pelzer makes the stories of these Chinese and American engineers come to life through exploring previously unpublished letters, rare images, maps, and a rich biographical dataset. He argues that the experiences of these engineers include a myriad of contradictions, disillusionment, and discontent, keeping the engineering profession in a constant flux of searching for its meaning and its place in Republican China.
Author: Jonathan Wilkenfeld Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing ISBN: 1800887329 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 495
Book Description
Based on cutting-edge research by an interdisciplinary team of academics and policy analysts, this insightful and timely book considers the role of great power competition in what has come to be known as gray zone conflict. Taking the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine as a backdrop for some of its critical evaluation, it also examines US and NATO approaches to the management of escalation in asymmetric conflicts, and proposes innovative tools for managing crises in the future.
Author: Chris Rowley Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1317534123 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 240
Book Description
The 25 years leading up to the international financial crisis have been depicted as ‘capitalism unleashed’, containing deregulation, privatisation, demutualisation and financialisation. Yet remarkably, given this economic and political context, co-operatives and mutuals appear to have been gaining ground in many countries, albeit modestly, even before the international financial crisis and the resulting global recession, from which the global economy is still only slowly recovering. The 2007-2008 international financial crisis called into question how appropriate the shareholder-owned model is, certainly if it is allowed to dominate the financial services sector. However the International Co-operative Alliance is determined to make the mutual and co-operative sector of the economy a dynamic, sustainable and increasingly important sector of the global economy. This book looks at the contribution of co-operative, mutual and employee-owned firms to the Asia Pacific economy - both currently and prospectively – and the challenges the standard ‘Western’ model faces regarding employment and output. It also looks at the role of Governments, the nature of co-operatives in China and the role of the state, and the future prospects for cross-border growth of co-operative and mutual business within Asia Pacific, and more widely. This book was originally published as a Special Issue of Asia Pacific Business Review.
Author: John King Fairbank Publisher: Harvard University Press ISBN: 0674036654 Category : Reference Languages : en Pages : 581
Book Description
John King Fairbank was the West's doyen on China, and this book is the full and final expression of his lifelong engagement with this vast ancient civilization. The distinguished historian Merle Goldman brings the book up to date and provides an epilogue discussing the changes in contemporary China that will shape the nation in the years to come.
Author: Oleg Igorevich Krassov Publisher: XSPO ISBN: 5001562562 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 377
Book Description
The monograph covers the issues related to the evolution of land tenure systems, land reforms, the main features of formal land law that is in force in the various legal systems of the countries of South, East, and Southeast Asia, and customary land rights. The current state of land law in Asian countries: land rights, the provision and suspension of these rights, the relationship between formal law and customary land tenure systems, the problems of recognizing customary communal land rights are analyzed. For students, graduate students and teachers of law schools, employees of legislative, executive and judicial authorities, as well as for all those interested in issues of land, civil law and comparative jurisprudence.
Author: Brian Hook Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 9780198289319 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 244
Book Description
One of the most interesting questions in China studies today is the effect that the opening up of the country economically will have on the individual rights and freedoms of the population. This volume addresses that issue by considering recent changes in the relations of the state and severalgroups in the populationDSrural peasants, manual workers, the military, the intellectual community, and the youth of China. With distinguished contributors, this coherent and comprehensive volume should become an essential reference work for academics and students.
Author: Maddison Angus Publisher: OECD Publishing ISBN: 9264163557 Category : Languages : en Pages : 196
Book Description
The study provides a major reassessment of the scale and scope of China’s resurgence over the past half century, employing quantitative measurement techniques which are standard practice in OECD countries, but which have not hitherto been available for China.
Author: Hong Fu
Author: Hong Fu
Author: Ziang Cheng
Author: Hao Hu
Author: Thorben Pelzer
Author: Jonathan Wilkenfeld
Author: Chris Rowley
Author: John King Fairbank
Author: Oleg Igorevich Krassov
Author: Brian Hook
Author: Maddison Angus