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Author: Danielle Walker (M.A.) Publisher: ISBN: Category : African Americans Languages : en Pages : 35
Book Description
Many attempts have been made by philosophers, political activists, psychologists, historians, social advocates, and others to explain the mechanisms at play in the perpetuation and resulting manifestations of systemic and institutional racism. On one side of the debate there lies a theory that there is an epistemic failure at the root of racial bias towards Blacks, white ignorance, a collective amnesia regarding what has and does take place in society, as it pertains to their oppression and isolation, like the view of philosopher Charles W. Mills. According to Mills, this type of ignorance, or non-knowing, is a cognitive phenomenon in which race plays a causal role. The other side consists of a refutation of the "myth" white ignorance, like the perspective of philosopher Tommy Curry. Under this stance, racist acts and ideologies are part of a deliberate and malicious strategy to keep Blacks in subordinate societal positions, where whites can comfortably maintain their social, political, and economic supremacy. In Curry’s opinion, the assignment of whites as ignorant conveniently salvages their virtue, so they are then unaccountable for the suffering Blacks endure. This discussion provides an in depth philosophical, epistemological and psychological analysis of white ignorance, by incorporating cognitive dissonance; an internal conflict occurring when what we hold true is challenged, and the phenomenon psychologist Robert Jay Lifton calls doubling. In my analysis, I take the stance that even if white ignorance is not a sufficient explanation for certain instances of racism against Blacks, it can certainly prove helpful in explaining disparities within the criminal justice system. This includes not only the use of excessive force by white police officers, but also the arrests, prosecutions, convictions, and sentencing of Blacks.
Author: Danielle Walker (M.A.) Publisher: ISBN: Category : African Americans Languages : en Pages : 35
Book Description
Many attempts have been made by philosophers, political activists, psychologists, historians, social advocates, and others to explain the mechanisms at play in the perpetuation and resulting manifestations of systemic and institutional racism. On one side of the debate there lies a theory that there is an epistemic failure at the root of racial bias towards Blacks, white ignorance, a collective amnesia regarding what has and does take place in society, as it pertains to their oppression and isolation, like the view of philosopher Charles W. Mills. According to Mills, this type of ignorance, or non-knowing, is a cognitive phenomenon in which race plays a causal role. The other side consists of a refutation of the "myth" white ignorance, like the perspective of philosopher Tommy Curry. Under this stance, racist acts and ideologies are part of a deliberate and malicious strategy to keep Blacks in subordinate societal positions, where whites can comfortably maintain their social, political, and economic supremacy. In Curry’s opinion, the assignment of whites as ignorant conveniently salvages their virtue, so they are then unaccountable for the suffering Blacks endure. This discussion provides an in depth philosophical, epistemological and psychological analysis of white ignorance, by incorporating cognitive dissonance; an internal conflict occurring when what we hold true is challenged, and the phenomenon psychologist Robert Jay Lifton calls doubling. In my analysis, I take the stance that even if white ignorance is not a sufficient explanation for certain instances of racism against Blacks, it can certainly prove helpful in explaining disparities within the criminal justice system. This includes not only the use of excessive force by white police officers, but also the arrests, prosecutions, convictions, and sentencing of Blacks.
Author: Joseph Avery Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield ISBN: 1793601046 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 239
Book Description
Racial bias in the U.S. criminal justice system is much debated and discussed, but until now, no single volume has covered the full expanse of the issue. In Bias in the Law, sixteen outstanding experts address the impact of racial bias in the full roster of criminal justice actors. They examine the role of legislators crafting criminal justice legislation, community enforcers, and police, as well as prosecutors, criminal defense attorneys, judges, and jurors. Understanding when and why bias arises, as well as how it impacts defendants requires a clear understanding how each of these actors operate. Contributions touch on other crucial topics—racialized drug stigma, legal technology, and interventions—that are vital for understanding how the United States has reached this moment of stark racial disparity in incarceration. The result is an important entry into understanding the pervasiveness of racial bias, how such bias impacts legal outcomes, and why such impact matters. This is an issue that is as relevant today as it was fifty—or even one hundred fifty—years ago, and collection editors Joseph Avery and Joel Cooper provide a glimpse at how to proceed.
Author: Joyce Wairimu Publisher: GRIN Verlag ISBN: 3668648913 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 14
Book Description
Essay from the year 2017 in the subject Psychology - Developmental Psychology, , course: bachelor of purchasing and supllies management, language: English, abstract: For this paper, the topic is Jennifer Eberhardt, a social psychologist and professor at the Stanford University, Department of Psychology. The theorist investigates the psychological relationship between race and crime. The stereotype of black Americans as violent and criminals have for the last 60 years been documented by social psychologists. Even currently in the United States, racial issues continue to be fluid and volatile. Jennifer, throughout the development of her theory, was influenced by the historical injustices that are subjected to the black since the era of slavery. To understand the author’s arguments on race, it is important for one to first understand what race is. Most individuals believe that race is what is used to categorize people into different, stable and same groups basing everything on the skin color of a person. Skin tone is used as a categorizing feature. The psychologists, however, suggests that race is not just the characteristics that individuals are born into but in societal and individual levels, a race is a product of different social constructions. Eberhardt in her studies revealed the extent into which racial imagery and judgments take root into our culture and society and they normally shape the outcomes and actions of the criminal justice system. As a young child, the theorist has been interested in social inequality and perception and when she was a junior high school student, she lived in a populated neighborhood that consisted of the black people and another that was populated by the Jewish people. Between the two neighborhoods, Jennifer explains, it was a bike ride from one to another but the two world were totally different in terms of culture and resources thus the author developed an interest in race and face perception.
Author: Egharevba, Stephen Publisher: IGI Global ISBN: 1522510893 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 395
Book Description
In order to protect and defend citizens, the foundational concepts of fairness and equality must be adhered to within any criminal justice system. When this is not the case, accountability of authorities should be pursued to maintain the integrity and pursuit of justice. Police Brutality, Racial Profiling, and Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System is an authoritative reference source for the latest scholarly material on social problems involving victimization of minorities and police accountability. Presenting relevant perspectives on a global and cross-cultural scale, this book is ideally designed for researchers, professionals, upper-level students, and practitioners involved in the fields of criminal justice and corrections.
Author: Shamila Ahmed Publisher: Taylor & Francis ISBN: 1003847188 Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 175
Book Description
Institutional Racism explores the role of colonialism, truth, and knowledge in creating and maintaining institutional racism. It documents how the manipulation of truth and knowledge facilitated colonialism and epistemicide to create a perpetrator perspective of institutional racism that maintains the illusionary status of equality and justice and continues to conceal the breadth and depth of victimisation. The chapters present an understanding of how epistemicide, critical race theory, post-colonialism, white racial frames, white privilege, and insidious trauma can be used to critique the discourses and mechanisms that sustain a perpetrator perspective of institutional racism and how these concepts facilitate a victim perspective of institutional racism that documents the cumulative psychological and physical harms of institutional racism. The second half of the book provides grounded case studies of institutional racism in the areas of education, policing, the war on terror, and Covid 19 to demonstrate how contemporary processes of colonialism and epistemicide maintain and reinforce institutional racism to negatively impact physical and mental health and contribute to cumulative trauma. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of criminology, sociology, criminal justice, history, law, and politics, and those studying race, ethnicity, and racism, as well as anyone interested in learning about racism, structural inequality, and institutional racism.
Author: Morgan M. Medlock Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319901974 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 264
Book Description
This book addresses the unique sociocultural and historical systems of oppression that have alienated African-American and other racial minority patients within the mental healthcare system. This text aims to build a novel didactic curriculum addressing racism, justice, and community mental health as these issues intersect clinical practice. Unlike any other resource, this guide moves beyond an exploration of the problem of racism and its detrimental effects, to a practical, solution-oriented discussion of how to understand and approach the mental health consequences with a lens and sensitivity for contemporary justice issues. After establishing the historical context of racism within organized medicine and psychiatry, the text boldly examines contemporary issues, including clinical biases in diagnosis and treatment, addiction and incarceration, and perspectives on providing psychotherapy to racial minorities. The text concludes with chapters covering training and medical education within this sphere, approaches to supporting patients coping with racism and discrimination, and strategies for changing institutional practices in mental healthcare. Written by thought leaders in the field, Racism and Psychiatry is the only current tool for psychiatrists, psychologists, administrators, educators, medical students, social workers, and all clinicians working to treat patients dealing with issues of racism at the point of mental healthcare.
Author: Gregory S. Parks Publisher: ISBN: 9781595584823 Category : African Americans Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Questions of differential treatment under the law for people of different races continue to play out in daily life as well as on the front page news. This book examines the psychology behind racial bias in the criminal justice system and offers practical solutions. Edited by brilliant young African-American legal scholars and social scientists, this anthology includes both seminal pieces on the topic as well as brand-new writing that deepens this exciting field of work. Richard Delgado, widely considered the leading figure in Critical Race Theory, provides the foreword.
Author: Joan Petersilia Publisher: ISBN: Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 182
Book Description
This 2-year study compared the treatment of white and minority offenders at key decision points in the criminal justice processing of approximately 1,400 male prison inmates in California, Michigan, and Texas. Study data came from the California Offender-Based Transaction Statistics which tracks offender-processing from arrest to sentencing, and the Rand Inmate Survey which yielded data from self-reports of approximately 1,400 male prison inmates in California, Michigan, and Texas. Prior research on discrimination in the criminal justice system produced controversial and contradictory findings. Section II discusses the problems with this research and briefly describes the data and methodology. Section III describes the workings of the criminal justice system and identifies racial differences in case-processing revealed in some of the data. Section IV analyzes more of the data for racial differences in crime-commission rates and the probability of being arrested. Section V looks at racial differences following the imposition of a court sentence. Section VI explores racial differences in offender characteristics, specifically: crime motivation, weapon use, and prison violence. Section VII summarizes the findings and presents the conclusions of the study. Although the case-processing system generally treated offenders similarly, there were racial differences at two key points. Minority suspects were more likely than whites to be released after arrest; however, after a felony conviction, minority offenders were more likely than whites to be given longer sentences and to be put in prison instead of jail. There were no statistically significant differences that implied discrimination against minorities in corrections.
Author: Arthur H. Garrison Publisher: ISBN: 9781516529315 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 662
Book Description
Race and Criminal Justice History: Rhetoric, Politics, and Policy helps students understand the complicated connection between the criminal justice system and the politics of race in America. Through socio-legal, socio-psychological and socio-historical analysis of racism and the history of American political rhetoric on crime, the text provides a foundation for understanding how African Americans are perceived in modern society and how long-standing negative perceptions have influenced their interactions with the criminal justice system. The text begins with a discussion on how criminal justice policy and perceptions of criminality are related to African American disproportionate incarceration. Through a socio-psychological lens, it explains how African Americans are stereotyped as criminals, as well as how the biological, sociological, and psychological science of racial bias, prejudice, and racism can influence police interactions. Later chapters provide a detailed and in-depth review of how antebellum and postbellum politics defending states' rights, the adoption of Jim Crow by the Supreme Court, presidential level political rhetoric regarding Black inferiority, criminality and segregation, as well as the use of the criminal justice system as means of social control of former slaves, all form the context for understanding the development of the modern criminal justice policies implemented during the presidencies of Johnson through Trump. Thorough in historical and psychological analysis, and timely in light of current social and political events, Race and Criminal Justice History is an ideal text for criminal justice, sociology, psychology, social work, political science, public administration, public policy, and race and ethnic studies courses. Arthur H. Garrison, LP.D., is an associate professor of criminal justice at Kutztown University, specializing in criminal justice history, race and policing, constitutional law, legal history, and national security. He received his doctorate in law and policy from Northeastern University and his master's in criminal justice from West Chester University of Pennsylvania. His scholarship includes numerous articles on race and criminal justice, as well as publications on police civil liability, criminal justice policy making, national security and terrorism, constitutional law, and the history of presidential power in times of national crisis.
Author: Danielle Walker (M.A.)
Author: Danielle Walker (M.A.)
Author: Joseph Avery
Author: Joyce Wairimu
Author: Egharevba, Stephen
Author: William Wilbanks
Author: Shamila Ahmed
Author: Morgan M. Medlock
Author: Gregory S. Parks
Author: Joan Petersilia
Author: Arthur H. Garrison