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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 538
Book Description
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) trap infrared radiation emitting from the Earth's surface to generate the "greenhouse effect" thus keeping the planet warm. Many natural activities including rotting vegetation emit GHGs such as carbon dioxide to produce this natural affect. However, in the last 200 years or so, human activity has increased the atmospheric concentrations of GHGs mostly from burning fossil fuels resulting in climate change (i.e. additional warming). Global warming potential (GWP) measures the impact from climate change but does not consider the timing of the GHG emissions. Traditional (static) life-cycle assessments (LCAs) use GWP. However, GHG emissions for building products may occur decades after initial product production and installation. A new dynamic methodology was created for long-lived products using wood flooring as an example over a 100-year time horizon. The new methodology demonstrated the time-dependent climate change impact metric using cumulative radiative forcing. Similar to the concept of net present value, time-zero equivalent (TIZE) generates a single value where future negative and positive radiative forcing impacts are brought back to year zero. TIZE100 values for fossil carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide were found for two wood flooring products, prefinished solid strip hardwood (SSHF) and prefinished engineered wood (EWF). Results were reported in kg CO2-eq per functional unit of product for TIZE100 and GWP100. The functional unit was one m2 of installed flooring in service for 80 years. The service life for SSHF and EWF are 80 and 40 years, respectively. TIZE100 values were less than the GWP100 values. For SSHF, GWP100 and TIZE100 values were 20.9 and 15.6 kg CO2-eq per functional unit, a 25% decrease. For EWF, GWP100 and TIZE100 values were 34.7 and 28.9 kg CO2-eq per functional unit, a 17% decrease. SSHF had the greatest reduction for TIZE mainly because of its longer service life resulting in less GHG emissions at end-of-life. Including timing of GHG emissions by using the TIZE (dynamic) methodology provides greater precision on the impacts of climate change than GWP (static) does. Additionally, because TIZE and GWP use the same reporting unit, kg CO2-eq TIZE could be an alternative to GWP.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 538
Book Description
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) trap infrared radiation emitting from the Earth's surface to generate the "greenhouse effect" thus keeping the planet warm. Many natural activities including rotting vegetation emit GHGs such as carbon dioxide to produce this natural affect. However, in the last 200 years or so, human activity has increased the atmospheric concentrations of GHGs mostly from burning fossil fuels resulting in climate change (i.e. additional warming). Global warming potential (GWP) measures the impact from climate change but does not consider the timing of the GHG emissions. Traditional (static) life-cycle assessments (LCAs) use GWP. However, GHG emissions for building products may occur decades after initial product production and installation. A new dynamic methodology was created for long-lived products using wood flooring as an example over a 100-year time horizon. The new methodology demonstrated the time-dependent climate change impact metric using cumulative radiative forcing. Similar to the concept of net present value, time-zero equivalent (TIZE) generates a single value where future negative and positive radiative forcing impacts are brought back to year zero. TIZE100 values for fossil carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide were found for two wood flooring products, prefinished solid strip hardwood (SSHF) and prefinished engineered wood (EWF). Results were reported in kg CO2-eq per functional unit of product for TIZE100 and GWP100. The functional unit was one m2 of installed flooring in service for 80 years. The service life for SSHF and EWF are 80 and 40 years, respectively. TIZE100 values were less than the GWP100 values. For SSHF, GWP100 and TIZE100 values were 20.9 and 15.6 kg CO2-eq per functional unit, a 25% decrease. For EWF, GWP100 and TIZE100 values were 34.7 and 28.9 kg CO2-eq per functional unit, a 17% decrease. SSHF had the greatest reduction for TIZE mainly because of its longer service life resulting in less GHG emissions at end-of-life. Including timing of GHG emissions by using the TIZE (dynamic) methodology provides greater precision on the impacts of climate change than GWP (static) does. Additionally, because TIZE and GWP use the same reporting unit, kg CO2-eq TIZE could be an alternative to GWP.
Author: U.S. Global Change Research Program Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 0521144078 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 193
Book Description
Summarizes the science of climate change and impacts on the United States, for the public and policymakers.
Author: The Royal Society Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309302021 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 74
Book Description
Climate Change: Evidence and Causes is a jointly produced publication of The US National Academy of Sciences and The Royal Society. Written by a UK-US team of leading climate scientists and reviewed by climate scientists and others, the publication is intended as a brief, readable reference document for decision makers, policy makers, educators, and other individuals seeking authoritative information on the some of the questions that continue to be asked. Climate Change makes clear what is well-established and where understanding is still developing. It echoes and builds upon the long history of climate-related work from both national academies, as well as on the newest climate-change assessment from the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. It touches on current areas of active debate and ongoing research, such as the link between ocean heat content and the rate of warming.
Author: Publisher: World Business Pub. ISBN: 9781569735688 Category : Business enterprises Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard helps companies and other organizations to identify, calculate, and report GHG emissions. It is designed to set the standard for accurate, complete, consistent, relevant and transparent accounting and reporting of GHG emissions.
Author: Francesco Pomponi Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319727966 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 519
Book Description
This book provides a single-source reference for whole life embodied impacts of buildings. The comprehensive and persuasive text, written by over 50 invited experts from across the world, offers an indispensable resource both to newcomers and to established practitioners in the field. Ultimately it provides a persuasive argument as to why embodied impacts are an essential aspect of sustainable built environments. The book is divided into four sections: measurement, including a strong emphasis on uncertainty analysis, as well as offering practical case studies of individual buildings and a comparison of materials; management, focusing in particular on the perspective of designers and contractors; mitigation, which identifies some specific design strategies as well as challenges; and finally global approaches, six chapters which describe in authoritative detail the ways in which the different regions of the world are tackling the issue.
Author: Frank Princiotta Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9048131537 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 426
Book Description
In order to avoid the potentially catastrophic impacts of global warming, the current 3% CO2 global emission growth rate must be transformed to a 1 to 3% declining rate, as soon as possible. This will require a rapid and radical transformation of the world’s energy production and end use systems. The current generation of energy technologies are not capable of achieving the level of mitigation required. Next generations of renewable, low carbon generation and end use technologies will be needed. This book quantifies the mitigation challenge. It then considers the status of key technologies needed to protect the planet from serious climate change impact. Current and emerging technologies are characterized for their mitigation potential, status of development and potential environmental impacts. Power generation, mobile sources, industrial and building sectors are evaluated in detail. The importance and unique challenges for rapidly developing countries, such as China and India are discussed. Current global research and development efforts for key technologies are discussed. It is concluded that it will be necessary to substantially upgrade and accelerate the current worldwide RDD&D effort on both emerging energy technologies and those enabling technologies needed to improve mitigation effectiveness and economics. It will also be necessary to carefully evaluate the potential environmental characteristics of next generation technologies to avoid unacceptable health and ecological impacts. Finally, given the monumental technological challenge associated with transforming the world’s energy system, geoengineering options are evaluated, since if successfully deployed, they have the potential to allow more time for the necessary energy system transformation. ‘This book on Climate Change not only gives a clear picture of the problem but suggests many of the pitfalls in solving it and recommends strongly, a research program to fill the gaps in our knowledge. It is a most useful reference book for all aspects of the problem.’ William D. Ruckelshaus, Madrona Venture Group/Evergreen Venture
Author: National Academy of Engineering Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309043867 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 945
Book Description
Global warming continues to gain importance on the international agenda and calls for action are heightening. Yet, there is still controversy over what must be done and what is needed to proceed. Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming describes the information necessary to make decisions about global warming resulting from atmospheric releases of radiatively active trace gases. The conclusions and recommendations include some unexpected results. The distinguished authoring committee provides specific advice for U.S. policy and addresses the need for an international response to potential greenhouse warming. It offers a realistic view of gaps in the scientific understanding of greenhouse warming and how much effort and expense might be required to produce definitive answers. The book presents methods for assessing options to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, offset emissions, and assist humans and unmanaged systems of plants and animals to adjust to the consequences of global warming.
Author: Junaid Ahmad Malik Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030760731 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 590
Book Description
This book deals with the present adverse effects of using precarious building materials on the ecology and human health. Also, the detailed discussions on the novel and greener construction materials and their utilization as an alternative to the conventional harmful existing methods and materials are also presented in the subsequent chapters. This book helps to fill the research gaps in the existing prior-art knowledge in the field of sustainable construction and green building materials and methods giving due importance to ecology and health, specifically to the fields of sustainable structural engineering, sustainable geotechnical engineering, sustainable road engineering, etc. This book helps in achieving a sustainable environment through possible adoption of innovative and ecological construction practices. Hence, this book acts as a practical workbook, mainly for the academicians and practicing engineers who are willing to work toward the consecrated building industry. It is a well-established fact that the constructions of the engineering structures consume more and more earth resources than any other human activities in the world. In addition, the construction-related activities will produce several million tons of greenhouse gases, toxic emissions, water pollutants, and solid wastes. This creates a huge impact on environment and causes severe health issues on humans and animals. It is thus important to create an eco-friendly construction environment which can satisfy the ecological and health requirements.
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Author: U.S. Global Change Research Program
Author: The Royal Society
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Author: Francesco Pomponi
Author: Frank Princiotta
Author: National Academy of Engineering
Author: Junaid Ahmad Malik