The Effect of Vacuum Pressure on the Flammability Limits of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) PDF Download
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Author: Norazma Mukhtar Publisher: ISBN: Category : Liquefied petroleum gas Languages : en Pages : 55
Book Description
The Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases. In transportation or handling the LPG gases, it is very important to know the flammability limits and the pressure of the gas to avoid any accident or explosion occurred. The pressure of LPG takes part in the flammability limits either Upper Flammability Limit (UFL) or Lower Flammability Limit (LFL). So, the aims of this research are to investigate the effect of vacuum pressure on the flammability limits of LPG/air. The experiments are performed in a 20 L spherical explosion vessel. The mixtures are ignited using spark permanent wire that place at the centre of the vessel. The pressures are used starting from 0.96 bar up to 1.0 bar. The pressure-time variations during explosions of LPG/air mixtures in explosion vessel are recorded. The explosion pressure data is used to determine the flammability limits which flame propagation is occurred if explosion pressure greater than 0.96 bar. In this experiment, the result shows the LFL is decrease when the pressure decreasing but, UFL is increasing with the increasing of pressure. The LFL for 0.98 bar is 2 volume % of LPG and for 0.96 bar is 1 volume % of LPG. The UFL for 0.98 bar and 0.96 bar are the same which is 8 volume % of LPG. But the Pm for UFL for 0.98 bar is 0.7 bar and Pm for UFL for 0.96 bar is 0.9 bar.
Author: Norazma Mukhtar Publisher: ISBN: Category : Liquefied petroleum gas Languages : en Pages : 55
Book Description
The Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases. In transportation or handling the LPG gases, it is very important to know the flammability limits and the pressure of the gas to avoid any accident or explosion occurred. The pressure of LPG takes part in the flammability limits either Upper Flammability Limit (UFL) or Lower Flammability Limit (LFL). So, the aims of this research are to investigate the effect of vacuum pressure on the flammability limits of LPG/air. The experiments are performed in a 20 L spherical explosion vessel. The mixtures are ignited using spark permanent wire that place at the centre of the vessel. The pressures are used starting from 0.96 bar up to 1.0 bar. The pressure-time variations during explosions of LPG/air mixtures in explosion vessel are recorded. The explosion pressure data is used to determine the flammability limits which flame propagation is occurred if explosion pressure greater than 0.96 bar. In this experiment, the result shows the LFL is decrease when the pressure decreasing but, UFL is increasing with the increasing of pressure. The LFL for 0.98 bar is 2 volume % of LPG and for 0.96 bar is 1 volume % of LPG. The UFL for 0.98 bar and 0.96 bar are the same which is 8 volume % of LPG. But the Pm for UFL for 0.98 bar is 0.7 bar and Pm for UFL for 0.96 bar is 0.9 bar.
Author: Lyna Liyana Johar Publisher: ISBN: Category : Natural gas Languages : en Pages : 50
Book Description
The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of vacuum pressure on the flammability limits Natural Gas in a closed vessel explosionsat various initial pressures within 0.98 and 0.96 bar and at ambient initial temperature. Times and pressure of the explosions were recorded. Experimental investigations are conducted by systematically measuring the pressure histories in a constant volume 20-L- apparatus. In this experimental study, we analyzed and do the comparison with 3 various pressure, which is 1 bar, 0.98 bar and 0.96 bar. Experimental result shown that at 10 volume percent of concentration natural gas ,pressure maximum for 0.98 bar natural gas - air mixture is 5.1 bar and for 0.96 bar natural gas- air mixture is 4.7 bar. While compare with 1 bar natural gas - air mixture, pressure maximum is 5.8 bar. Flammability limits for 0.98 and 0.96 bar is still 5 to 15 percent of concentration. As a conclusion, by reducing the pressure of Natural Gas- air mixture will not effected the flammability limits range but it will be decreased the pressure maximum ( Pmax) of explosion.
Author: Nursyilla Mohd Fauzi Publisher: ISBN: Category : Gases Languages : en Pages : 53
Book Description
Liquefied petroleum gas or LPG has well acknowledged as an attractive source of fuel in these centuries as it has provided us evidence to be the most effective and environmental friendly among all other fuel existed. However, like the other fuel, LPG also has its own benefits and drawbacks at when it is inadequately treated can be destructive to us. After knowing the characteristics of LPG and recognizing suitable ways of reducing risks in storage, handling and transportation of it, an appropriately planned experiment has been carried out. Specifically, this study is conducted to study the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the Lower Flammability Limit (LFL) and Upper Flammability Limit (UFL) of LPG. LFL and UFL create a range at which explosion may occur to any flammable substance. By adding diluents (in this case is CO2) to the LPG-air mixture, the range was predicted to be narrowed down because the role of diluents to the mixture is to reduce the concentration of oxygen (O2) existed in the mixture to a level where explosion can be stopped. The most proper equipment to be used in order to achieve the objective of the study is the 20-L-Explosion Vessel. Only by using this high-tech equipment- the experiments, which involving explosion, can be safely performed. In the experiment, different volume percentage of CO2 was added in the pre-mixed LPG - air mixture. Three sets of experiments were done in order to compare the effect of CO2 addition in the pre-mixed LPG - air mixture towards its flammability limit respectively. Fortunately, the results were moderately following the theories where the range of flammability limit of LPG - air mixture was fruitfully reduced from 4.2 % vol. To 3 % vol. of LPG.
Author: Huzaifah Abdullah Publisher: ISBN: Category : Liquefied petroleum gas Languages : en Pages : 68
Book Description
The aims of this study are to determine the explosive limits of LPG/ air and to investigate the effect on explosive limits of LPG/ air when addition of hydrogen and dilution of nitrogen at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. The purpose of diluting with nitrogen is to control the explosive limits range of LPG because hydrogen will extend the explosive limits of LPG. This is for safety to avoid the LPG become very flammable fuel but at the same time to get the best performance of fuel mixing. The experiments were performed in a 20 L closed explosion vessel. The mixtures were ignited by using a spark permanent wire that placed at the centre of the vessel. The pressure-time variations during explosions of LPG/air mixtures in explosion vessel were recorded. The explosion pressure data is used to determine the explosive limits which flame propagation is considered occurred if explosion pressure greater than 0.1 bar. From the explosion pressure data, the maximum explosion pressure is determined also. In this study, the result shows the explosive limits of LPG is from 2 vol% to 8 vol % of LPG. The addition of 2 and 8 vol% hydrogen in 7 vol% nitrogen reduce the lower explosive limit(LEL) initially 1 vol% to 0 vol% of LPG/air mixture. For safety aspect, the addition too much hydrogen seems very dangerous for application because the mixture is in very flammable condition. The dilution nitrogen seems not give effect in controlling the explosive limits in this case.
Author: United Nations Environment Programme. Industry and Environment Publisher: UNEP/Earthprint ISBN: 9280717111 Category : Liquefied petroleum gas Languages : en Pages : 96
Book Description
LP Gas is an excellent, environment-friendly fuel with tens of millions of satisfied consumers in every part of the world. As with all forms of energy, LP Gas is potentially hazardous if mishandled or misused. The guidelines within this publication are intended for policy-makers, government officials and industry managers at international, national and local levels who are concerned with good safety practice in relation to LP Gas handling, distribution and use. They follow the LP Gas distribution chain up to and including the point of use. Hazards are identified at each stage of the process and good safety practices are outlined. Also included are references for more detailed technical guidance.
Author: Noraya Mohd Kadir Publisher: ISBN: Category : Nitric acids Languages : en Pages : 60
Book Description
Many manufacturing processes involve flammable chemicals, and an accident involving a fire or an explosion can occur in storage or process equipment if a flammable chemical exist inside it or if a loss of containment of flammable chemicals occurs. The aims of this study are to determine the flammability limits of LPG/ air mixture and to investigate the effect of nitrogen dilution on flammability limits of LPG/ air mixture at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. The experiments were performed in a 20 L closed explosion vessel. The mixtures were ignited by using spark permanent wire that placed at the centre of the vessel. The explosion pressure data is used to determine the flammability limits which flame propagation is considered occurred if explosion pressure greater than 0.1 bar. In this study, the result shows the flammability limits of LPG is from 2 % volume to 6 % volume of LPG and have revealed that the addition of nitrogen in LPG/air mixture reduce the upper flammability limit initially 6 % volume to 5 % volume of LPG.
Author: Raymondee Junior Julius Publisher: ISBN: Category : Explosions Languages : en Pages : 93
Book Description
The objective of the research is to determine the effect of suppression agents towards liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and natural gas (NG) explosion limit. The main target of the research is to identify the best suppression agents that can be used in the suppression system to mitigate explosion from its early stage thus preventing catastrophic. In the experiment, several types of suppression agents are used which are ammonium phosphate, argon gas and carbon dioxide gas. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and natural gas (NG) is used as a fuel source. The purpose of using LPG as the fuel source is because LPG is one of the most dangerous sources of fuels that can easily involve in an explosion due to its properties that can cause boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE). Since natural gas is also commonly used in the industries and as well as residential area, it is best to make sure that the prevention is fully secure. The lower the maximum pressure, the more effective the suppressants are. The experiments are carried out by using the gas fire explosion unit. Conventional suppression agent that is commonly used in the industries nowadays is carbon dioxide. However, carbon dioxide can give a side effect to the environment. Therefore by the end of the experiments, the results will show that ammonium phosphate does mitigate the gas explosion more effectively thus overcoming the problem cause by the conventional suppression agent.
Author: Srinivasan Chandrasekaran Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119221846 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 252
Book Description
This book shares the technical knowhow in the field of health, safety and environmental management, as applied to oil and gas industries and explains concepts through a simple and straightforward approach Provides an overview of health, safety and environmental (HSE) management as applied to offshore and petroleum engineering Covers the fundamentals of HSE and demonstrates its practical application Includes industry case studies and examples based on the author's experiences in both academia and oil and gas industries Presents recent research results Includes tutorials and exercises
Author: Norazma Mukhtar
Author: Norazma Mukhtar
Author: Amira Abdullah
Author: Lyna Liyana Johar
Author: Nursyilla Mohd Fauzi
Author: Huzaifah Abdullah
Author: United Nations Environment Programme. Industry and Environment
Author: Noraya Mohd Kadir
Author: Raymondee Junior Julius
Author: Srinivasan Chandrasekaran
Author: Wayne Allen Muth