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Author: Meaghan Elizabeth McManus Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
In certain environments the direction of up indicated by vision and gravity can be in conflict where these directions do not agree. Some people resolve this conflict by relying on their visual cues. In this case, when a participant and the room in which they are sitting are both tilted together, they would feel as if they were standing upright and would experience what is called a Visual Reorientation Illusion (VRI). A VRI on Earth might result from either (1) ignoring the gravity up in favour of the visual up, resulting in a higher visual weighting, or (2) misinterpreting the ambiguous vestibular acceleration cue not as a tilt but as a translation. In Chapter 2, I present evidence that during a VRI individuals require less visual motion to perceive that they have traveled through a specified distance: the move-to-target task. This might result from an enhancement of the visual cue due to a higher visual weighting while down-weighting the conflicting gravity cue, here referred to as my reweighting hypothesis. In Chapter 3, I find that people with VRIs actually have a lower visual weight and higher gravity weight when determining their perceived upright. This suggests that either the reweighting theory is incorrect or that the participants with a higher gravity weight might be more likely to detect, and then reweight, the conflicting visual and vestibular cues. In Chapter 4, I find that when the gravity cue is removed by moving into a 0g environment, initially there is no difference in performance on the move-to-target task compared to on Earth, but after adapting to microgravity and also upon return to 1g, participants need more visual motion to feel they have passed through a specified distance. Chapter 4 provides further evidence that my reweighting theory is incorrect. My research demonstrates that even within the same environment and while viewing the same stimuli, different people can have different interpretations of the environment which are related to changes in behaviour. Specifically, a persons perceived orientation can affect their self-motion perception. The findings are discussed in terms of sensory cue conflict and reweighting, as well as differences between how we perceive visual motion versus how we use it.
Author: Meaghan Elizabeth McManus Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
In certain environments the direction of up indicated by vision and gravity can be in conflict where these directions do not agree. Some people resolve this conflict by relying on their visual cues. In this case, when a participant and the room in which they are sitting are both tilted together, they would feel as if they were standing upright and would experience what is called a Visual Reorientation Illusion (VRI). A VRI on Earth might result from either (1) ignoring the gravity up in favour of the visual up, resulting in a higher visual weighting, or (2) misinterpreting the ambiguous vestibular acceleration cue not as a tilt but as a translation. In Chapter 2, I present evidence that during a VRI individuals require less visual motion to perceive that they have traveled through a specified distance: the move-to-target task. This might result from an enhancement of the visual cue due to a higher visual weighting while down-weighting the conflicting gravity cue, here referred to as my reweighting hypothesis. In Chapter 3, I find that people with VRIs actually have a lower visual weight and higher gravity weight when determining their perceived upright. This suggests that either the reweighting theory is incorrect or that the participants with a higher gravity weight might be more likely to detect, and then reweight, the conflicting visual and vestibular cues. In Chapter 4, I find that when the gravity cue is removed by moving into a 0g environment, initially there is no difference in performance on the move-to-target task compared to on Earth, but after adapting to microgravity and also upon return to 1g, participants need more visual motion to feel they have passed through a specified distance. Chapter 4 provides further evidence that my reweighting theory is incorrect. My research demonstrates that even within the same environment and while viewing the same stimuli, different people can have different interpretations of the environment which are related to changes in behaviour. Specifically, a persons perceived orientation can affect their self-motion perception. The findings are discussed in terms of sensory cue conflict and reweighting, as well as differences between how we perceive visual motion versus how we use it.
Author: Rik Warren Publisher: Psychology Press ISBN: 1317784286 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 672
Book Description
This book presents studies of self-motion by an international group of basic and applied researchers including biologists, psychologists, comparative physiologists, kinesiologists, aerospace and control engineers, physicians, and physicists. Academia is well represented and accounts for most of the applied research offered. Basic theoretical research is further represented by private research companies and also by government laboratories on both sides of the Atlantic. Researchers and students of biology, psychology, physiology, kinesiology, engineering, and physics who have an interest in self-motion -- whether it be underwater, in space, or on solid ground -- will find this volume of interest. This book presents studies of self-motion by an international group of basic and applied researchers including biologists, psychologists, comparative physiologists, kinesiologists, aerospace and control engineers, physicians, and physicists. Academia is well represented and accounts for most of the applied research offered. Basic theoretical research is further represented by private research companies and also by government laboratories on both sides of the Atlantic. Researchers and students of biology, psychology, physiology, kinesiology, engineering, and physics who have an interest in self-motion -- whether it be underwater, in space, or on solid ground -- will find this volume of interest.
Author: Pearl Shaina Guterman Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Gravity is the most pervasive force that we encounter. For instance, we observe a variety of objects being accelerated toward the Earth by gravity, but we also experience these forces when we are simply stationaryas gravity is a constant accelerationor when we are ourselves in motion, such as when we are locomoting on foot, driving a vehicle, jumping or skiing. It follows that our ability to successfully navigate our environment must somehow take into account the effects of gravity on our body's motion-detecting sensesa dynamic relationship which changes with self-motion and self-orientation. The goal of this dissertation was to investigate how body orientation relative to gravity influences visual-vestibular interactions in visually-induced perception of self-motion (i.e., vection). Specifically, I examined this relationship by placing observers in varied postures and presenting visual displays simulating forward/backward self-motion with vertical/horizontal viewpoint oscillation, that mimics components produced by head-movements in real self-motion. I found that tilting observers reduced vection and the two viewpoint oscillations similarly enhanced vection, suggesting that current postural and oscillation-based vection findings are best explained by ecology. I also examined the influence of scene structure and alignment of the body and visual motion relative to gravity on vection. Observers in different postures viewed simulated translational self-motion displays consisting of either a single rigid structure or dots. The experimental data showed that vection depended on both posture and the perceived interpretation of the visual scene, indicating that self-motion perception is modulated by high-order cognitive processes. I also found that observers reported illusory tilt of the stimulus when they were not upright. I investigated these observer reports of a posture-dependent perceived stimulus tilt by presenting upright and tilted observers with static and motion stimuli that were tilted from the graviational vertical. Postural-dependent tilt effects were found for both these stimuli and were greater for motion experienced as self-motion than external motion. Taken together, the results of this dissertation demonstrate that our perception of self-motion is influenced by gravity, and by prior experiences and internal mental representations of our visual world.
Author: Frank Steinicke Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1441984321 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 405
Book Description
This book presents a survey of past and recent developments on human walking in virtual environments with an emphasis on human self-motion perception, the multisensory nature of experiences of walking, conceptual design approaches, current technologies, and applications. The use of Virtual Reality and movement simulation systems is becoming increasingly popular and more accessible to a wide variety of research fields and applications. While, in the past, simulation technologies have focused on developing realistic, interactive visual environments, it is becoming increasingly obvious that our everyday interactions are highly multisensory. Therefore, investigators are beginning to understand the critical importance of developing and validating locomotor interfaces that can allow for realistic, natural behaviours. The book aims to present an overview of what is currently understood about human perception and performance when moving in virtual environments and to situate it relative to the broader scientific and engineering literature on human locomotion and locomotion interfaces. The contents include scientific background and recent empirical findings related to biomechanics, self-motion perception, and physical interactions. The book also discusses conceptual approaches to multimodal sensing, display systems, and interaction for walking in real and virtual environments. Finally, it will present current and emerging applications in areas such as gait and posture rehabilitation, gaming, sports, and architectural design.
Author: Kelly S. Hale Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1466511850 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 1371
Book Description
A Complete Toolbox of Theories and TechniquesThe second edition of a bestseller, Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications presents systematic and extensive coverage of the primary areas of research and development within VE technology. It brings together a comprehensive set of contributed articles that address the
Author: Diederick Christian Niehorster Publisher: Open Dissertation Press ISBN: 9781361334515 Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
This dissertation, "The Perception of Object Motion During Self-motion" by Diederick Christian, Niehorster, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: When we stand still and do not move our eyes and head, the motion of an object in the world or the absence thereof is directly given by the motion or quiescence of the retinal image. Self-motion through the world however complicates this retinal image. During self-motion, the whole retinal image undergoes coherent global motion, called optic flow. Self-motion therefore causes the retinal motion of objects moving in the world to be confounded by a motion component due to self-motion. How then do we perceive the motion of an object in the world when we ourselves are also moving? Although non-visual information about self-motion, such as provided by efference copies of motor commands and vestibular stimulation, might play a role in this ability, it has recently been shown that the brain possesses a purely visual mechanism that underlies scene-relative object motion perception during self-motion. In the flow parsing hypothesis developed by Rushton and Warren (2005; Warren & Rushton, 2007; 2009b), the brain uses its sensitivity to optic flow to detect and globally remove retinal motion due to self-motion and recover the scene-relative motion of objects. Research into this perceptual ability has so far been of a qualitative nature. In this thesis, I therefore develop a retinal motion nulling paradigm to measure the gain with which the flow parsing mechanism uses the optic flow to remove the self-motion component from an object's retinal motion. I use this paradigm to investigate how accurate scene-relative object motion perception during self-motion can be based on only visual information, whether this flow parsing process depends on a percept of the direction of self-motion and the tuning of flow parsing, i.e., how it is modulated by changes in various stimulus aspects. The results reveal that although adding monocular or binocular depth information to the display to precisely specify the moving object's 3D position in the scene improved the accuracy of flow parsing, the flow parsing gain was never up to the extent required by the scene geometry. Furthermore, the flow parsing gain was lower at higher eccentricities from the focus of expansion in the flow field and was strongly modulated by changes in the motion angle between the self-motion and object motion components in the retinal motion of the moving object, the speeds of these components and the density of the flow field. Lastly, flow parsing was not affected by illusory changes in the perceived direction of self-motion. In conclusion, visual information alone is not sufficient for accurate perception of scene-relative object motion during self-motion. Furthermore, flow parsing takes the 3D position of the moving object in the scene into account and is not a uniform global subtraction process. 8e observed tuning characteristics are different from those of local perceived motion interactions, providing evidence that flow parsing is a separate process from these local motion interactions. Finally, flow parsing does not depend on a prior percept of self-motion direction and instead directly uses the input retinal motion to construct percepts of scene-relative object motion during self-motion. DOI: 10.5353/th_b5177318 Subjects: Motion perception (Vision)
Author: Thomas Brandt Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1475738013 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 495
Book Description
This monograph has been written for clinicians who are involved in the management of the dizzy patient and for scientists with a particular interest in the multi-sensorimotor mechan isms that subserve spatial orientation, motion perception, and ocular motor and postural con trol. Special emphasis has been put on making the correct diagnosis, and detailed recommendations have been given for specific treatments. The second edition has resulted in an almost completely new book due to the dramatic expansion in the 1990s of our understanding of vestibular function and dis orders. A few rele vant examples include the novel concept of canalolithiasis, as opposed to cupulolithiasis, both of which are established causes of typical posterior and horizontal canal benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo; familial episodic ataxia land II have been identified as inherited chan nelopathies; otolithic syndromes were recognized as a variety separate from semicircular canal syndromes; several new central vestibular syndromes have been described, localized, and attributed to vestibular pathways and centres; a new classification based on the three major planes of action of the vestibulo-ocular reflex is available for central vestibular syn dromes; and the mystery of the location and function of the multisensory vestibular cortex is slowly being unravelled. This book differs from other clinical textbooks in that it is not divided into two parts: anatomy and physiology, on the one hand, and disorders, on the other.
Author: Peter A. Hancock Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1420072846 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 470
Book Description
Discussing issues and concepts relating to human factors in simulation, this book covers theory and application in fields such as space, ships, submarines, naval aviation, and commercial aviation. The authors develop and expand on concepts in simulator usage particularly specific characteristics and issues of simulation and their effect on the validity and functionality of simulators as a training device. The chapters contain in depth discussions of these particular characteristics and issues. They also incorporate theories pertaining to the motivational aspects of training, simulation of social events, and PC based simulation.
Author: Meaghan Elizabeth McManus
Author: Meaghan Elizabeth McManus
Author: Rik Warren
Author: Pearl Shaina Guterman
Author: Kai Volker Thilo
Author: Frank Steinicke
Author: Kelly S. Hale
Author: 
Author: Diederick Christian Niehorster
Author: Thomas Brandt
Author: Peter A. Hancock