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Author: Maris M. McCarthy Publisher: ISBN: Category : Amylases Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
This thesis consisted of 2 experiments. The objective of Experiment 1 was to determine performance and digestibility response of lactating dairy cows to a reduced starch diet containing a commercial amylase product. The objective of Experiment 2 was to determine the effect of various levels of amylase on in vitro starch digestibility of 3 substrates. In Experiment 1, 19 multiparous (86 ± 46 DIM) and 5 primiparous (93 ± 8 DIM), were blocked by parity and DIM and assigned to treatments in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, with 28 d periods. Treatments were a normal starch TMR (NS), a reduced starch TMR (RS), and a reduced starch TMR with (351 KNU/ kg TMR DM) exogenous amylase added to the concentrate (RSE). The hypothesis was that reducing ration starch content would decrease milk production and diet digestibility compared to NS due to a decrease in available energy, and that RSE would alleviate some of this decrease by increasing nutrient digestibility. Rations were 41% concentrate and the NS TMR contained 12.8% corn grain, 2.9% soyhulls, and 2.9% citrus pulp. The RS and RSE TMR contained 6.0% corn grain, 6.9% soyhulls, and 6.9% citrus pulp. Starch concentrations in NS, RS, and RSE TMR were 27.5, 23.2, and 22.4%, respectively. Data were analyzed using a mixed model containing the fixed effects of treatment, week, period, and their interactions, and the random effects of cow and block. Feeding a RS diet compared with a NS diet resulted in decreased milk, FCM, milk protein yield, milk lactose yield, and increased MUN and NDF digestibility. Feeding the RSE diet resulted in increased milk protein percentage and increased DM, NDF, and CP digestibility. Exogenous amylase decreased milk lactose yield and tended to decrease milk yield and 3.5% FCM yield. In Experiment 2, NS and RS grain samples and corn starch were pre-incubated (18 h prior to start of in vitro) or co-incubated (during in vitro) with 4 levels of liquid amylase (0, 382, 1274, 3833 KNU/ kg substrate DM) and 7 h in vitro starch digestibility was measured. Data were analyzed using a mixed model including the fixed effects of substrate, amylase, preincubation, day, and all multi-way interactions. Pre-incubation of amylase with substrate for 18 h prior to in vitro resulted in increased starch digestibility compared to co-incubated samples. The starch digestibility for co-incubated samples was greatest at amylase application of 383 and 1274 KNU/kg substrate DM. While the addition of exogenous amylase increased in vitro starch digestibility as well as increased the digestibility of some nutrients during the lactation trial, this did not result in improved animal production performance.
Author: Maris M. McCarthy Publisher: ISBN: Category : Amylases Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
This thesis consisted of 2 experiments. The objective of Experiment 1 was to determine performance and digestibility response of lactating dairy cows to a reduced starch diet containing a commercial amylase product. The objective of Experiment 2 was to determine the effect of various levels of amylase on in vitro starch digestibility of 3 substrates. In Experiment 1, 19 multiparous (86 ± 46 DIM) and 5 primiparous (93 ± 8 DIM), were blocked by parity and DIM and assigned to treatments in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, with 28 d periods. Treatments were a normal starch TMR (NS), a reduced starch TMR (RS), and a reduced starch TMR with (351 KNU/ kg TMR DM) exogenous amylase added to the concentrate (RSE). The hypothesis was that reducing ration starch content would decrease milk production and diet digestibility compared to NS due to a decrease in available energy, and that RSE would alleviate some of this decrease by increasing nutrient digestibility. Rations were 41% concentrate and the NS TMR contained 12.8% corn grain, 2.9% soyhulls, and 2.9% citrus pulp. The RS and RSE TMR contained 6.0% corn grain, 6.9% soyhulls, and 6.9% citrus pulp. Starch concentrations in NS, RS, and RSE TMR were 27.5, 23.2, and 22.4%, respectively. Data were analyzed using a mixed model containing the fixed effects of treatment, week, period, and their interactions, and the random effects of cow and block. Feeding a RS diet compared with a NS diet resulted in decreased milk, FCM, milk protein yield, milk lactose yield, and increased MUN and NDF digestibility. Feeding the RSE diet resulted in increased milk protein percentage and increased DM, NDF, and CP digestibility. Exogenous amylase decreased milk lactose yield and tended to decrease milk yield and 3.5% FCM yield. In Experiment 2, NS and RS grain samples and corn starch were pre-incubated (18 h prior to start of in vitro) or co-incubated (during in vitro) with 4 levels of liquid amylase (0, 382, 1274, 3833 KNU/ kg substrate DM) and 7 h in vitro starch digestibility was measured. Data were analyzed using a mixed model including the fixed effects of substrate, amylase, preincubation, day, and all multi-way interactions. Pre-incubation of amylase with substrate for 18 h prior to in vitro resulted in increased starch digestibility compared to co-incubated samples. The starch digestibility for co-incubated samples was greatest at amylase application of 383 and 1274 KNU/kg substrate DM. While the addition of exogenous amylase increased in vitro starch digestibility as well as increased the digestibility of some nutrients during the lactation trial, this did not result in improved animal production performance.
Author: Ashok Pandey Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0444639918 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 480
Book Description
Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Current Advances in Solid-State Fermentation provides knowledge and information on solid-state fermentation involving the basics of microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics and principles of genetic engineering, metabolic engineering and biochemical engineering. This volume of the series is on Solid-State fermentation (SSF), which would cover the basic and applied aspects of SSF processes, including engineering aspects such as design of bioreactors in SSF. The book offers a pool of knowledge on biochemical and microbiological aspects as well as chemical and biological engineering aspects of SSF to provide an integrated knowledge and version to the readers. - Provides state-of-the-art information on basic and fundamental principles of solid-state fermentation - Includes key features for the education and understanding of biotechnology education and R&D, in particular on SSF - Lists fermentation methods for the production of a wide variety of enzymes and metabolites - Provides examples of the various industrial applications of enzymes in solid state fermentation
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 183
Book Description
A meta-analysis, two animal experiments, and one data mining experiment were conducted to determine the effects of feeding reduced-starch (RS) diets and starch digestibility on dairy cattle performance. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of feeding RS diets on intake, lactation performance, and ruminal parameters. Dietary starch was reduced by partial replacement of grain with non-forage fiber sources or forages. Dry matter intake, milk, fat, and protein yield were decreased as dietary starch was reduced. Total ruminal volatile fatty acid concentration was decreased as dietary starch was reduced. Molar proportion of ruminal acetate was increased as dietary starch was reduced. Reducing dietary starch decreased lactation performance of dairy cows. The first animal experiment determined the effects of normal or RS diets and finely- or coarsely-ground corn on performance of lactating dairy cows. Milk and protein yields were reduced for cows fed RS diets, however, fat-corrected milk was increased for cows fed the normal-starch finely-ground corn and RS coarsely-ground corn diets. Ruminal digestibility of NDF was increased for cows fed the RS diets. Total tract digestibility of NDF was greater on the RS diets, while total tract starch digestibility was greater on the RS diets and the finely-ground corn diets. Cows fed the finely ground corn diets had greater ruminal propionate and lower rumen pH. The second animal experiment determined the effects of feeding RS diets by partially replacing corn grain with soyhulls (SH) or corn silage (CS), or CS and grain with SH. Partial replacement of corn grain with SH or CS increased milk fat content compared with partial replacement of CS and corn grain with SH. Partial replacement of corn grain with SH or CS increased total tract NDF and starch digestion. Diet digestibility and performance of mid-lactation cows fed RS diets by partially replacing corn grain with SH or CS was similar to or improved compared to cows fed a normal-starch diet. The third experiment tested whether total tract starch digestibility can be predicted from the concentration of starch in fecal dry matter. Total tract starch digestibility was predicted accurately from fecal starch concentration.
Author: MacKenzie Conklin Publisher: ISBN: 9780438600041 Category : Languages : en Pages : 133
Book Description
Two experiments evaluated the effect of a direct fed microbial (DFM) (Bovamine®®, Chr. Hansen, Hørsholm, Denmark) on performance and digestion of dairy cows. In Experiment 1 (Exp1), 30 multiparous cows (75 + 32 DIM) were assigned to one of two treatments fed for 10 weeks, BOV (3 x 109 CFU/d Bovamine ®) or CON (control, no Bovamine®). In Experiment 2 (Exp2), 6 ruminally cannulated cows (123 + 129 DIM) were assigned to a crossover design with two 6 week periods with the same treatments as Exp1 except that cows were fed a 23.8% starch diet during weeks 1-5 of each period then abruptly switched to a 31.1% starch diet for week 6. For both experiments, intake and milk yield were measured daily and milk samples were collected weekly. In Exp1, fecal grab samples were collected every 6 h on d 7 of week--1, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10, fecal consistency was scored, and fecal starch measured in composited daily samples. Composites from a subset of 7 cows per treatment were used to measure apparent total tract nutrient digestibility. In Exp2, rumen pH was continuously recorded during weeks 5-6. Rumen in situ digestibility was measured on week 5 day 7, week 6 day 1, and week 6 day 7. On those dates, rumen fluid and feces were collected every 6 h for rumen VFA, fecal pH, and fecal starch (composited by cow within day). Rumen and fecal microbiome samples were collected at one time point on these days. In Exp1, treatment did not affect intake, milk yield or composition, fecal score or fecal starch. BOV tended to increase starch digestibility compared to CON (98.74 vs. 98.46%, P = 0.051), but digestibility of other nutrients was unaffected. In Exp2, intake, milk yield, and milk composition were unaffected when evaluated over the entire study. However, during the abrupt switch to the high starch diet, milk fat yield was increased for BOV compared to CON (1.39 vs. 1.28 kg/d, P = 0.002) and milk fat percentage tended to increase (3.59 vs. 3.42%, P = 0.09). Treatment did not impact rumen pH, rumen VFA, in situ digestibility or the rumen and fecal microbiomes. Contrary to Exp1, BOV increased fecal starch compared to CON (2.49 vs. 2.03%, P = 0.02), and this was most evident during the high starch feeding. Overall, Bovamine®? modestly improved starch digestibility in Exp1 and increased milk fat during the high starch challenge in Exp2.
Author: Crystal M. Prom Publisher: ISBN: Category : Electronic dissertations Languages : en Pages : 213
Book Description
As the milk yield and dry matter intake (DMI) of modern dairy cows continue to increase, so too does the amount of fatty acids (FA) reaching the small intestine. Furthermore, supplemental FA are often added to the diet in order to increase the energy density of the ration and support energy requirements of the cow. Thus, the combination of supplemental FA in the diet and increasing DMI causes a significantly higher amount of FA available for absorption in the small intestine. However, previous research has demonstrated that increasing the amount of FA flowing to the small intestine negatively impacts the absorption of FA and thus the amount of energy available to the cow. Our research examined potential strategies to improve FA absorption by utilizing oleic acid (OA) and exogenous emulsifiers. In the first research chapter, we evaluated the effects of varying the ratio of supplemental dietary stearic acid (SA; C18:0) and OA (cis-9 C18:1) on FA digestibility and milk production of post-peak dairy cows. We observed that overall inclusion of supplemental fat increased milk yield, milk fat yield, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, and feed efficiency compared to a non-fat supplemented control. Increasing OA in the supplemental fat treatments increased the digestibility and absorption of FA but did not affect production responses. Our second research chapter examined the effects of increasing doses of OA infused into the abomasum. Increasing the amount of OA reaching the duodenum did not affect DMI but increased the digestibility and absorption of total, 16-carbon, and 18-carbon FA. Higher absorbed FA increased plasma insulin, but did not affect BW or BCS, and tended to increase milk yield, 3.5% FCM, and ECM. In the third research chapter, we abomasally infused 30 g/d of three exogenous emulsifiers (Tween) that differed in the FA attached to the polysorbate base. Compared to control, the overall effect of Tween did not affect DM intake or digestibility, but increased milk fat content and tended to increase milk fat yield and 3.5% FCM. The emulsifier containing OA, Tween80, improved digestibility of 16-carbon, 18-carbon, and total FA compared to control and to the two other emulsifier treatments. Tween80 also increased milk fat content and yield compared to control. Thus, Tween80 has the potential to improve nutrient digestibility and milk production, but it is unknown whether this is primarily due to the polysorbate or the attached OA. Our last research chapter directly compared abomasal infusions of OA and Tween80, as well as examined the interaction between the two. OA increased the absorption of total and 18-carbon FA but had negligible effects on production responses. Tween80 did not affect nutrient digestibility but increased milk yield, decreased milk fat content, and did not affect milk fat yield. These results contradict previous research utilizing Tween80, but the reason for this is unclear as energy status and FA intake was similar across studies. No interactions between OA and Tween80 were observed for nutrient digestibility but an interaction was observed for ECM, milk fat yield, feed efficiency, and BCS. Overall, there is evidence that both OA and Tween80 can improve FA digestibility. When directly compared, OA was more beneficial to total, 16-carbon, and 18-carbon FA digestibility than Tween80 and providing both had no additional benefits. Therefore, increasing the amount of OA reaching the small intestine is a viable strategy to improve FA digestibility and thus energy availability to the cow. Exogenous emulsifiers can also improve FA digestibility, but results are inconsistent and should be investigated further in the future. Furthermore, combinations of OA and various emulsifiers should be further examined for independent and interactive effects.
Author: Pierre J. Gerber Publisher: Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) ISBN: Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 240
Book Description
The current analysis was conducted to evaluate the potential of nutritional, manure and animal husbandry practices for mitigating methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) - i.e. non-carbon dioxide (CO2) - GHG emissions from livestock production. These practices were categorized into enteric CH4, manure management and animal husbandry mitigation practices. Emphasis was placed on enteric CH4 mitigation practices for ruminant animals (only in vivo studies were considered) and manure mitigation practices for both ruminant and monogastric species. Over 900 references were reviewed; simulation and life cycle assessment analyses were generally excluded
Author: Maris M. McCarthy
Author: Maris M. McCarthy
Author: Lauren Kaye Shearer
Author: Ashok Pandey
Author: Jennifer Anne Voelker Linton
Author: Kristy Michelle Hill
Author: Anja Peters
Author: 
Author: MacKenzie Conklin
Author: Crystal M. Prom
Author: Pierre J. Gerber