The Education and Training of Seven African American U.S. Army Officers for World War I and Its Aftermath PDF Download

Author: Bernard F. Harris (Jr)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : African Americans
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Author: Adam P. Wilson
Publisher: McFarland
ISBN: 078649512X
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 235

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In April 1917, Congress approved President Woodrow Wilson's request to declare war on the Central Powers, thrusting the United States into World War I with the rallying cry, "The world must be made safe for democracy." Two months later 1,250 African American men--college graduates, businessmen, doctors, lawyers, reverends and non-commissioned officers--volunteered to become the first blacks to receive officer training at Fort Des Moines, Iowa. Denied the full privileges and protections of democracy at home, they prepared to defend it abroad in hopes that their service would be rewarded with equal citizenship at war's end. This book tells the stories of these black American soldiers' lives during training, in combat and after their return home. The author addresses issues of national and international racism and equality and discusses the Army's use of African American troops, the creation of a segregated officer training camp, the war's implications for civil rights in America, and military duty as an obligation of citizenship.

Author: Ulysses Lee
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781516859290
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 762

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Recognizing that the story of Negro participation in military service during World War II was of national interest as well as of great value for future military planning, the Assistant Secretary of War in February 1944 recommended preparation of a book on this subject. The opportunity to undertake it came two years later with the assignment to the Army's Historical Division of the author, then a captain and a man highly qualified by training and experience to write such a work. After careful examination of the sources and reflection Captain Lee concluded that it would be impracticable to write a comprehensive and balanced history about Negro soldiers in a single volume. His plan, formally approved in August 1946, was to focus his own work on the development of Army policies in the use of Negroes in military service and on the problems associated with the execution of these policies at home and abroad, leaving to the authors of other volumes in the Army's World War II series, then taking shape, the responsibility for covering activities of Negroes in particular topical areas. This definition of the author's objective is needed in order to understand why he has described his work "in no sense a history of Negro troops in World War II." Writing some years ago, he explained: "The purpose of the present volume is to bring together the significant experience of the Army in dealing with an important national question: the full use of the human resources represented by that 10 percent of national population that is Negro. It does not attempt to follow, in narrative form, the participation of Negro troops in the many branches, commands, and units of the Army. . . . A fully descriptive title for the present volume, in the nineteenth century manner, would read: 'The U.S. Army and Its Use of Negro Troops in World War II: Problems in the Development and Application of Policy with Some Attention to the Results, Public and Military.'" Thus, in accordance with his objective, the author gives considerably more attention to the employment of Negroes as combat soldiers than to their use as service troops overseas. Even though a large majority of the Negroes sent overseas saw duty in service rather than in combat units, their employment in service forces did not present the same number or degree of problems.

Author: Morris J. MacGregor
Publisher: Government Printing Office
ISBN: 9780160019258
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 672

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CMH Pub 50-1-1. Defense Studies Series. Discusses the evolution of the services' racial policies and practices between World War II and 1965 during the period when black servicemen and women were integrated into the Nation's military units.

Author: U. S. Military
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781973182276
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 221

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This important work by the Army recognizes and highlights the contributions of African Americans to the military history of the United States. This is accomplished by providing a historic context on the African American military experience for use by Department of Defense (DoD) cultural resource managers. Managers can use this historic context, to recognize significant sites, buildings, and objects on DoD property related to African American military history by nominating them for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. In this manner, civilian and military personnel currently serving in all major services will be made aware of the contributions of African Americans to our military heritage. While the focus of this work is on all-black military units, significant individuals will be recognized also. Chapter 1 - Introduction * By Steven D. Smith * Background * Objective * Historic Context Research Design * Project Scope * Methods * Report Organization * Summary * Chapter 2 - African American Soldiers Before the Civil War * By Elizabeth Arnett Fields * Early Colonial Conflicts * Service in Non-English Colonies * American Revolution * Blacks in the Armed Forces, 1783-1812 * War of 1812 * Black Soldiers in the Antebellum Period * Summary * Chapter 3 - African Americans in the Civil War * By Keith Krawczynski and Steven D. Smith * Introduction * Northern Attitudes Toward Arming the Black Man * Service in the Union Navy * Blacks in the Confederate Army * Blacks in the Union Army * Confederate Response to the Union Enlistment of African Americans * Black Soldiers Life and Labor * The Martial Spirit * Summary * Chapter 4 - The West 1865-1897 * By Elizabeth Arnett Fields * Introduction * The Creation of Black Regiments * Origin of the Term "Buffalo Soldier" * Cavalry Regiments * Infantry Regiments * Seminole Negro-Indian Scouts * Service in Other Branches of the Army * First Black Cadets at West Point * Problems Faced by the Black Troops In the West * Qualities of the Buffalo Soldiers * Summary * Chapter 5 - The Spanish American War and Aftermath * By Keith Krawczynski * Spanish American War * African American Attitudes Towards War with Spain * Black Regular Army Cavalry and Infantry Units * State Volunteer Units In the War * Immune Regiments * The Philippines * Reactions to Increased Racial Discrimination * Punitive Expedition * African Americans in the National Guard * Naval Service, 1865-1917 * Summary * Chapter 6 - World War I * By Keith Krawczynski * Declaration of War * African American Call to Arms * Recruitment * Appeasement of African Americans * Creation of Black Units * Demands for African American Officers * Training in the United States * Labor Battalions Overseas * Combat in France * Postwar 1918-1940 * Summary * Chapter 7 - African American Navy, Marine, Women's Reserves, and Coast Guard Service During World War II * By Keith Krawczynski * Introduction * Dorie Miller * U.S. Navy * Marine Corps * Coast Guard * Merchant Marine * Women's Reserve Corps * Summary * Chapter 8 - African Americans in the U.S. Army During World War II * By Robert F. Jefferson * Introduction * Quotas: Linkages of Black Intelligence and Combat Efficiency and Discrimination, 1920-1941 * Black Response to War and War Department Intransigence * The Stateside Employment and Training of Black Personnel and Units at Regular Army Facilities: 1941-1944 * Race, Labor, and War: The Employment of Black Troops in the African, Pacific, and European Theaters * Summary * Chapter 9 - Victory and Context: Recognition of African American Contributions to American Military History * By Steven D. Smith, Keith Krawczynski, and Robert F. Jefferson * The Integration of the Armed Forces 1946-1954 * Historic Context: Themes and Sites * Installation Survey * Summary

Author: Marcus S. Cox
Publisher: LSU Press
ISBN: 0807151777
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 263

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In Segregated Soldiers, Marcus S. Cox investigates military training programs at historically black colleges and universities, and demonstrates their importance to the struggle for civil rights. Examining African Americans' attitudes toward service in the armed forces, Cox focuses on the ways in which black higher education and Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) programs worked together to advance full citizenship rights for African Americans. Educators at black colleges supported military training as early as the late nineteenth century in hopes of improving the social, economic, and political state of black citizens. Their attitudes reflected the long-held belief of many African Americans who viewed military service as a path to equal rights. Cox begins his narrative in the decades following the Civil War, when the movement to educate blacks became an essential element in the effort to offer equality to all African Americans. ROTC training emerged as a fundamental component of black higher education, as African American educators encouraged military activities to promote discipline, upright behavior, and patriotism. These virtues, they believed, would hasten African Americans' quest for civil rights and social progress. Using Southern University -- one of the largest African American institutions of higher learning during the post--World War II era -- as a case study, Cox shows how blacks' interest in military training and service continued to rise steadily throughout the 1950s. Even in the 1960s and early 1970s, despite the growing unpopularity of the Vietnam War, the rise of black nationalism, and an expanding economy that offered African Americans enhanced economic opportunities, support for the military persisted among blacks because many believed that service in the armed forces represented the best way to advance themselves in a society in which racial discrimination flourished. Unlike recent scholarship on historically black colleges and universities, Cox's study moves beyond institutional histories to provide a detailed examination of broader social, political, and economic issues, and demonstrates why military training programs remained a vital part of the schools' missions.

Author: Arthur T. Coumbe
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781495509254
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Author: Richard Moody Swain
Publisher: Government Printing Office
ISBN: 9780160937583
Category : Study Aids
Languages : en
Pages : 216

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In 1950, when he commissioned the first edition of The Armed Forces Officer, Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall told its author, S.L.A. Marshall, that "American military officers, of whatever service, should share common ground ethically and morally." In this new edition, the authors methodically explore that common ground, reflecting on the basics of the Profession of Arms, and the officer's special place and distinctive obligations within that profession and especially to the Constitution.

Author: Adam Patrick Wilson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 540

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This dissertation investigates the relatively untold story of the black officers of the Seventeenth Provisional Training Regiment, the first class of African Americans to receive officer training. In particular, this research examines the creation of the segregated Army officer training camp, these men's training and wartime experiences during World War I, and their post-war contributions fighting discrimination and injustice. These officers returned to America disillusioned with the nation's progress towards civil rights. Their leadership roles in the military translated into leadership roles in the post-war civil rights movement. Through their efforts, foundations for the modern Civil Rights movement were created. Through analysis of these men's lives, the dissertation details how these men returned from war and impacted change in America. They attacked the legality of segregation through both local and national civil rights' cases, embraced leadership roles in the "New Negro" movement, highlighted the value of educating black youth, and fought to integrate the military. These men served as the vanguard of civil rights fighting first as soldiers for democracy in Europe and returning as leaders determined to defeat segregation and injustice.

Author: Arthur E. Barbeau
Publisher: Da Capo Press
ISBN: 9780306806940
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 320

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During World War I 370,000 African Americans labored, fought, and died to make the world safe for a democracy that refused them equal citizenship at home. The irony was made more bitter as black troops struggled with the racist policies of the American military itself. The overwhelming majority were assigned to labor companies; those selected for combat were under-trained, poorly equipped, ad commanded by white officers who insisted on black inferiority. Still, African Americans performed admirably under fire: the 369th Infantry regiment was in continuous combat loner than any other American unit, and was the first Allied regiment to cross the Rhine in the offensive against Germany.The Unknown Soldiers, the only full-scale examination of the subject, chronicles the rigid segregation; the limited opportunities for advancement; the inadequate training, food, medical attention, housing, and clothing; the verbal harassment and physical abuse, including lynchings; the ingratitude, unemployment, and unprecedented racial violence that greeted their return. The Unknown Soldiers is an unforgettable, searing study of those wartime experiences that forced African Americans to realize that equality and justice could never be earned in Jim Crow America, but only wrested from its strangling grip.