The Economy-wide Effects of Large-scale Air Pollution Control Regulations PDF Download

Author: Peter Berck
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air quality management
Languages : en
Pages : 70

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Author: Jessica Lincoln-Oswalt
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781614707240
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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The authorities and responsibilities of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) derive primarily from a dozen major environmental statutes. This book provides a concise summary of one of those statutes, the Clean Air Act. It provides a brief history of federal involvement in air quality regulation and of the provisions added by legislation in 1970, 1977 and 1990. It also explains major authorities contained in the Act as well as key terms and references for more detailed information on the Act and its implementation.

Author: Barry Bosworth
Publisher: Baltimore : Published for Resources for the Future by Johns Hopkins University Press
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 184

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Author: Mingxuan Fan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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This dissertation is composed of three essays on: (1) the impact of air pollution on labor supply and health and (2) the impact of pollution regulation on emissions. The first essay evaluates the impact of fine particulates (PM2.5) on labor supply in China. Combining restricted individual-level panel data and sub-district level remote-sensing pollution estimates, our individual fixed effects model finds that a 1 [small mu]g/m3 increase in fine particulates reduces the hours worked by 29 minutes per week. An instrumental variable approach exploiting the difference in emissions reduction induced by the staged implementation of China's new National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) finds that the effect is twice as large. Our back-of-the-envelope calculation shows an economy-wide increase of 125 billion hours in labor supply per year with a 1 [small mu]g/m3 reduction in pollution. The second essay evaluates the impact of fine particulates on the health of the elderly in China. Using objectively measured health indicators from a panel survey on the elderly and city level remote-sensing pollution estimates, our individual fixed effects model finds that a 10 [small mu]g/m3 increase in PM2.5 results in a 1.64 unit increase systolic blood pressure (SBP), a 1.39 unit increase in pulse pressure and a 8.18 unit reduction in Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF), which are indicative of worsening cardiovascular and respiratory health. We also find that even the population at relatively lower risk, such as those aged between 55 and 65 years and with no self-reported disease conditions, are still adversely affected by an increase in PM2.5 level. At the intensive margin, when the pollution levels are high, a 10 [small mu]g/m3 increase in PM2.5 leads to an increase in the probability of being hypertensive by 0.4 percentage points. The third essay studies the effect of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) in the United States on the leakage of emissions of both carbon and co-pollutants. We use a difference-in-difference model exploiting the differences in the emissions by the electric generating units (EGUs) belonging to fully- versus partially-regulated wholesale electricity markets before and after RGGI implementation in 2009. We find that RGGI has led to larger emissions reductions, 25% in carbon, 74% in SO2 and 45% in NOx, in the partially-regulated market as compared to the full-regulated markets, which is likely to be the result of shift in production to non-regulated states in the market.

Author: John F. McEldowney
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780857938206
Category : Environmental law
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
Featuring an original introduction by the editors, this important collection of essays explores the main issues surrounding the regulation of the environment. The expert contributors illustrate that regulating the environment in the UK is conceptually complex, involves a diverse range of institutions, techniques and methodologies and crosses geographical and national boundaries. In the USA it is more formalised, juridical, adversarial and formally dependent upon legal rules. The articles highlight the fact that despite differences in the UK and the USA's regulatory styles, environmental regulation today has much in common with both traditions.

Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309144019
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 248

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Recent advances in air pollution monitoring and modeling capabilities have made it possible to show that air pollution can be transported long distances and that adverse impacts of emitted pollutants cannot be confined to one country or even one continent. Pollutants from traffic, cooking stoves, and factories emitted half a world away can make the air we inhale today more hazardous for our health. The relative importance of this "imported" pollution is likely to increase, as emissions in developing countries grow, and air quality standards in industrial countries are tightened. Global Sources of Local Pollution examines the impact of the long-range transport of four key air pollutants (ozone, particulate matter, mercury, and persistent organic pollutants) on air quality and pollutant deposition in the United States. It also explores the environmental impacts of U.S. emissions on other parts of the world. The book recommends that the United States work with the international community to develop an integrated system for determining pollution sources and impacts and to design effective response strategies. This book will be useful to international, federal, state, and local policy makers responsible for understanding and managing air pollution and its impacts on human health and well-being.

Author: United States. Environmental Protection Agency
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 434

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Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309145856
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 134

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Book Description
Climate change is occurring. It is very likely caused by the emission of greenhouse gases from human activities, and poses significant risks for a range of human and natural systems. And these emissions continue to increase, which will result in further change and greater risks. America's Climate Choices makes the case that the environmental, economic, and humanitarian risks posed by climate change indicate a pressing need for substantial action now to limit the magnitude of climate change and to prepare for adapting to its impacts. Although there is some uncertainty about future risk, acting now will reduce the risks posed by climate change and the pressure to make larger, more rapid, and potentially more expensive reductions later. Most actions taken to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts are common sense investments that will offer protection against natural climate variations and extreme events. In addition, crucial investment decisions made now about equipment and infrastructure can "lock in" commitments to greenhouse gas emissions for decades to come. Finally, while it may be possible to scale back or reverse many responses to climate change, it is difficult or impossible to "undo" climate change, once manifested. Current efforts of local, state, and private-sector actors are important, but not likely to yield progress comparable to what could be achieved with the addition of strong federal policies that establish coherent national goals and incentives, and that promote strong U.S. engagement in international-level response efforts. The inherent complexities and uncertainties of climate change are best met by applying an iterative risk management framework and making efforts to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions; prepare for adapting to impacts; invest in scientific research, technology development, and information systems; and facilitate engagement between scientific and technical experts and the many types of stakeholders making America's climate choices.

Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309145880
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 526

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Book Description
Climate change is occurring, is caused largely by human activities, and poses significant risks for-and in many cases is already affecting-a broad range of human and natural systems. The compelling case for these conclusions is provided in Advancing the Science of Climate Change, part of a congressionally requested suite of studies known as America's Climate Choices. While noting that there is always more to learn and that the scientific process is never closed, the book shows that hypotheses about climate change are supported by multiple lines of evidence and have stood firm in the face of serious debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations. As decision makers respond to these risks, the nation's scientific enterprise can contribute through research that improves understanding of the causes and consequences of climate change and also is useful to decision makers at the local, regional, national, and international levels. The book identifies decisions being made in 12 sectors, ranging from agriculture to transportation, to identify decisions being made in response to climate change. Advancing the Science of Climate Change calls for a single federal entity or program to coordinate a national, multidisciplinary research effort aimed at improving both understanding and responses to climate change. Seven cross-cutting research themes are identified to support this scientific enterprise. In addition, leaders of federal climate research should redouble efforts to deploy a comprehensive climate observing system, improve climate models and other analytical tools, invest in human capital, and improve linkages between research and decisions by forming partnerships with action-oriented programs.

Author: T. R. Oke
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1108179363
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 549

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Urban Climates is the first full synthesis of modern scientific and applied research on urban climates. The book begins with an outline of what constitutes an urban ecosystem. It develops a comprehensive terminology for the subject using scale and surface classification as key constructs. It explains the physical principles governing the creation of distinct urban climates, such as airflow around buildings, the heat island, precipitation modification and air pollution, and it then illustrates how this knowledge can be applied to moderate the undesirable consequences of urban development and help create more sustainable and resilient cities. With urban climate science now a fully-fledged field, this timely book fulfills the need to bring together the disparate parts of climate research on cities into a coherent framework. It is an ideal resource for students and researchers in fields such as climatology, urban hydrology, air quality, environmental engineering and urban design.