Author: Sarah Rachel Holley
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 150
Book Description
The demand-withdraw interaction pattern is a common, deleterious pattern in which one spouse blames or pressures while the other spouse avoids or withdraws (Christensen, 1988). Studies consistently show that: 1) there tends to be gender differentiation in the interaction roles, with women demanding and men withdrawing, and 2) demand-withdraw behaviors are associated with marital dissatisfaction. The existing observational research on marital interactions, however, has been overwhelmingly conducted with relatively young couples and does not take into account other known predictors of marital dissatisfaction. The present study examined demand-withdraw behaviors longitudinally in a sample of middle-aged and older couples. Later life stages may be associated with changes in emotion-related behaviors (e.g., Carstensen, 1991) and in gender roles (e.g., Gutmann, 1987). Studying demand-withdraw behaviors over time in middle-aged and older couples enables a determination of whether the manifestations of this set of behaviors, and its negative association with marital satisfaction, change during the later stages of development. This study further evaluated the effect of demand-withdraw on marital satisfaction in relation to other factors known to be negatively associated with this important outcome (e.g., physiological arousal, self-reported negative affect, and negative emotion behaviors during conflict). A sample of 126 married couples (63 middle-aged, 63 older) were observed at three time points across a 13-year span as they engaged in a 15-minute conversation about an area of relationship conflict. Conversations were videotaped and trained raters used an observational coding system to quantify each partner's demand and withdraw behaviors. During or shortly following the conflict conversations, measures of physiological arousal, self-reported negative affect, and emotion behavior were also collected. The couples also completed self-report measures of marital satisfaction at each of the three time points of observational data collection, as well as at two subsequent time points. Results showed that demand-withdraw behaviors occur during conflict in both middle-age and older couples at overall comparable rates. Combining this finding with previous work indicates that this pattern is found throughout the life course. Importantly, the specific pattern of behaviors changes with age. There appears to be a marked increase in one type of withdraw behavior, avoidance, over time. Moreover, contrary to theories proposed by Gutmann and others that gender differences diminish in later life, gender differentiation appears to become greater over time with wives in the demand role and husbands in the withdrawing role. Results further demonstrated that the relationship between demand-withdraw behaviors and marital dissatisfaction remains the same across the lifespan. That is, for both middle-aged and older couples, demand-withdraw behaviors are negatively associated with concurrent levels of marital satisfaction. Furthermore, these behaviors show significant interactions with other factors known to be associated with lower levels of marital satisfaction (e.g., physiological arousal, self-reported negative affect, and negative emotion behaviors). The general pattern was that demand-withdraw behaviors, while deleterious on their own accord, are particularly pernicious when manifest in the context of other factors associated with marital dissatisfaction. When examining the longitudinal effect of demand-withdraw behaviors, however, results indicated that after controlling for initial levels of marital satisfaction, these behaviors were not strong predictors of the trajectory of change in marital satisfaction over time. The findings are discussed in terms of socioemotional changes couples undergo as they move from middle-age into late life. This study offers evidence not only about changes in demand-withdraw behaviors themselves but also as to how marital processes and gender roles may change over the life course. Future work will be valuable in further elucidating changes in the nature of demand-withdraw behaviors and in the consequence of this interaction pattern for marital satisfaction at different life stages.
The Demand-Withdraw Communication Pattern in Middle-Aged and Older Couples
Author: Sarah Rachel Holley
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 150
Book Description
The demand-withdraw interaction pattern is a common, deleterious pattern in which one spouse blames or pressures while the other spouse avoids or withdraws (Christensen, 1988). Studies consistently show that: 1) there tends to be gender differentiation in the interaction roles, with women demanding and men withdrawing, and 2) demand-withdraw behaviors are associated with marital dissatisfaction. The existing observational research on marital interactions, however, has been overwhelmingly conducted with relatively young couples and does not take into account other known predictors of marital dissatisfaction. The present study examined demand-withdraw behaviors longitudinally in a sample of middle-aged and older couples. Later life stages may be associated with changes in emotion-related behaviors (e.g., Carstensen, 1991) and in gender roles (e.g., Gutmann, 1987). Studying demand-withdraw behaviors over time in middle-aged and older couples enables a determination of whether the manifestations of this set of behaviors, and its negative association with marital satisfaction, change during the later stages of development. This study further evaluated the effect of demand-withdraw on marital satisfaction in relation to other factors known to be negatively associated with this important outcome (e.g., physiological arousal, self-reported negative affect, and negative emotion behaviors during conflict). A sample of 126 married couples (63 middle-aged, 63 older) were observed at three time points across a 13-year span as they engaged in a 15-minute conversation about an area of relationship conflict. Conversations were videotaped and trained raters used an observational coding system to quantify each partner's demand and withdraw behaviors. During or shortly following the conflict conversations, measures of physiological arousal, self-reported negative affect, and emotion behavior were also collected. The couples also completed self-report measures of marital satisfaction at each of the three time points of observational data collection, as well as at two subsequent time points. Results showed that demand-withdraw behaviors occur during conflict in both middle-age and older couples at overall comparable rates. Combining this finding with previous work indicates that this pattern is found throughout the life course. Importantly, the specific pattern of behaviors changes with age. There appears to be a marked increase in one type of withdraw behavior, avoidance, over time. Moreover, contrary to theories proposed by Gutmann and others that gender differences diminish in later life, gender differentiation appears to become greater over time with wives in the demand role and husbands in the withdrawing role. Results further demonstrated that the relationship between demand-withdraw behaviors and marital dissatisfaction remains the same across the lifespan. That is, for both middle-aged and older couples, demand-withdraw behaviors are negatively associated with concurrent levels of marital satisfaction. Furthermore, these behaviors show significant interactions with other factors known to be associated with lower levels of marital satisfaction (e.g., physiological arousal, self-reported negative affect, and negative emotion behaviors). The general pattern was that demand-withdraw behaviors, while deleterious on their own accord, are particularly pernicious when manifest in the context of other factors associated with marital dissatisfaction. When examining the longitudinal effect of demand-withdraw behaviors, however, results indicated that after controlling for initial levels of marital satisfaction, these behaviors were not strong predictors of the trajectory of change in marital satisfaction over time. The findings are discussed in terms of socioemotional changes couples undergo as they move from middle-age into late life. This study offers evidence not only about changes in demand-withdraw behaviors themselves but also as to how marital processes and gender roles may change over the life course. Future work will be valuable in further elucidating changes in the nature of demand-withdraw behaviors and in the consequence of this interaction pattern for marital satisfaction at different life stages.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 150
Book Description
The demand-withdraw interaction pattern is a common, deleterious pattern in which one spouse blames or pressures while the other spouse avoids or withdraws (Christensen, 1988). Studies consistently show that: 1) there tends to be gender differentiation in the interaction roles, with women demanding and men withdrawing, and 2) demand-withdraw behaviors are associated with marital dissatisfaction. The existing observational research on marital interactions, however, has been overwhelmingly conducted with relatively young couples and does not take into account other known predictors of marital dissatisfaction. The present study examined demand-withdraw behaviors longitudinally in a sample of middle-aged and older couples. Later life stages may be associated with changes in emotion-related behaviors (e.g., Carstensen, 1991) and in gender roles (e.g., Gutmann, 1987). Studying demand-withdraw behaviors over time in middle-aged and older couples enables a determination of whether the manifestations of this set of behaviors, and its negative association with marital satisfaction, change during the later stages of development. This study further evaluated the effect of demand-withdraw on marital satisfaction in relation to other factors known to be negatively associated with this important outcome (e.g., physiological arousal, self-reported negative affect, and negative emotion behaviors during conflict). A sample of 126 married couples (63 middle-aged, 63 older) were observed at three time points across a 13-year span as they engaged in a 15-minute conversation about an area of relationship conflict. Conversations were videotaped and trained raters used an observational coding system to quantify each partner's demand and withdraw behaviors. During or shortly following the conflict conversations, measures of physiological arousal, self-reported negative affect, and emotion behavior were also collected. The couples also completed self-report measures of marital satisfaction at each of the three time points of observational data collection, as well as at two subsequent time points. Results showed that demand-withdraw behaviors occur during conflict in both middle-age and older couples at overall comparable rates. Combining this finding with previous work indicates that this pattern is found throughout the life course. Importantly, the specific pattern of behaviors changes with age. There appears to be a marked increase in one type of withdraw behavior, avoidance, over time. Moreover, contrary to theories proposed by Gutmann and others that gender differences diminish in later life, gender differentiation appears to become greater over time with wives in the demand role and husbands in the withdrawing role. Results further demonstrated that the relationship between demand-withdraw behaviors and marital dissatisfaction remains the same across the lifespan. That is, for both middle-aged and older couples, demand-withdraw behaviors are negatively associated with concurrent levels of marital satisfaction. Furthermore, these behaviors show significant interactions with other factors known to be associated with lower levels of marital satisfaction (e.g., physiological arousal, self-reported negative affect, and negative emotion behaviors). The general pattern was that demand-withdraw behaviors, while deleterious on their own accord, are particularly pernicious when manifest in the context of other factors associated with marital dissatisfaction. When examining the longitudinal effect of demand-withdraw behaviors, however, results indicated that after controlling for initial levels of marital satisfaction, these behaviors were not strong predictors of the trajectory of change in marital satisfaction over time. The findings are discussed in terms of socioemotional changes couples undergo as they move from middle-age into late life. This study offers evidence not only about changes in demand-withdraw behaviors themselves but also as to how marital processes and gender roles may change over the life course. Future work will be valuable in further elucidating changes in the nature of demand-withdraw behaviors and in the consequence of this interaction pattern for marital satisfaction at different life stages.
The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Couples and Family Relationships
Author: Patricia Noller
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1444334506
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 516
Book Description
The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Couples and Family Relationships presents original articles from leading experts that link research, policy, and practice together to reflect the most current knowledge of contemporary relationships. Offers interesting new perspectives on a range of relationship issues facing twenty-first century Western society Helps those who work with couples and families facing with relationship issues Includes practical suggestions for dealing with relationship problems Explores diverse issues, including family structure versus functioning; attachment theory; divorce and family breakdown; communication and conflict; self regulation, partner regulation, and behavior change; care-giving and parenting; relationship education; and therapy and policy implications
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1444334506
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 516
Book Description
The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Couples and Family Relationships presents original articles from leading experts that link research, policy, and practice together to reflect the most current knowledge of contemporary relationships. Offers interesting new perspectives on a range of relationship issues facing twenty-first century Western society Helps those who work with couples and families facing with relationship issues Includes practical suggestions for dealing with relationship problems Explores diverse issues, including family structure versus functioning; attachment theory; divorce and family breakdown; communication and conflict; self regulation, partner regulation, and behavior change; care-giving and parenting; relationship education; and therapy and policy implications
Understanding Marriage
Author: Patricia Noller
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139439677
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 588
Book Description
This edited volume draws together a wide range of exciting developments in the study of marital interaction. A significant feature of the book is its focus, not only on conflict and negative interactions but also on the processes by which couples maintain happy and constructive relationships. The chapters review and integrate the extensive literature in this area, as well as presenting important research findings. The contributors come from the disciplines of communication, social psychology and clinical psychology, and have national and international reputations for their work in this area. The findings reflect developments in theory and methodology, and have important implications for those working to strengthen and repair marital relationships.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139439677
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 588
Book Description
This edited volume draws together a wide range of exciting developments in the study of marital interaction. A significant feature of the book is its focus, not only on conflict and negative interactions but also on the processes by which couples maintain happy and constructive relationships. The chapters review and integrate the extensive literature in this area, as well as presenting important research findings. The contributors come from the disciplines of communication, social psychology and clinical psychology, and have national and international reputations for their work in this area. The findings reflect developments in theory and methodology, and have important implications for those working to strengthen and repair marital relationships.
Demand-withdraw Communication During Marital Conflict
Author: Kathleen Anne Eldridge
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 252
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 252
Book Description
Family Communication
Author: Chris Segrin
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1135617481
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 387
Book Description
This advanced text carefully examines state-of-the-art research and theories of family communication and family relationships. In addition to presenting cutting-edge research, authors Chris Segrin and Jeanne Flora focus on classic theories and research findings that have influenced and revolutionized the way scholars conceptualize family interaction. Showing that answers to many questions about family communication can be found in current scientific research, the book introduces readers to fundamental issues in the study of family communication; explores what is known about communication in different types of families and family relationships; and examines problematic issues in family communication. Family Communication offers a thorough and up-to-date presentation of scientific research in family communication for students and teachers of family communication, as well as professionals who work with families. Undergraduate readers will find the text to be accessible, engaging andeasy to understand while graduate students and professionals will utilize the work as a comprehensive reference to classic and contemporary research on family communication and relationships.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1135617481
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 387
Book Description
This advanced text carefully examines state-of-the-art research and theories of family communication and family relationships. In addition to presenting cutting-edge research, authors Chris Segrin and Jeanne Flora focus on classic theories and research findings that have influenced and revolutionized the way scholars conceptualize family interaction. Showing that answers to many questions about family communication can be found in current scientific research, the book introduces readers to fundamental issues in the study of family communication; explores what is known about communication in different types of families and family relationships; and examines problematic issues in family communication. Family Communication offers a thorough and up-to-date presentation of scientific research in family communication for students and teachers of family communication, as well as professionals who work with families. Undergraduate readers will find the text to be accessible, engaging andeasy to understand while graduate students and professionals will utilize the work as a comprehensive reference to classic and contemporary research on family communication and relationships.
Perspectives on Marital Interaction
Author: Patricia Noller
Publisher: Multilingual Matters Limited
ISBN:
Category : Family & Relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 424
Book Description
This book brings together a distinguished group of international scholars involved in research on marital interaction. Each chapter provides an excellent review of the relevant literature and focuses on the presentation and discussion of new data. Particular attention is paid to the emergence of sex differences in interaction patterns.
Publisher: Multilingual Matters Limited
ISBN:
Category : Family & Relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 424
Book Description
This book brings together a distinguished group of international scholars involved in research on marital interaction. Each chapter provides an excellent review of the relevant literature and focuses on the presentation and discussion of new data. Particular attention is paid to the emergence of sex differences in interaction patterns.
Demand/withdraw Patterns in Married Couples
Author: Zachary H. Osborn
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 106
Book Description
Demand/withdraw communication patterns have been linked with decreased marital satisfaction and increased likelihood of divorce. To help prevent these occurrences, researchers have looked for the cause(s) of this communication pattern. Two main hypotheses have been proposed: the individual differences hypothesis, which states that personality differences are the cause of this negative communication pattern, and the social structure hypothesis, which states that societal power differences are the cause of the negative communication pattern. While each has received support in extant literature, they have not been tested simultaneously, preventing researchers from directly understanding each hypothesis's relative contribution to demand/withdraw patterns. The current study sought to fill this gap. Thirty-five married couples completed a questionnaire that assessed factors linked to the individual differences hypothesis (i.e., personality characteristics), factors linked with the social structure hypothesis (i.e., power dynamics in the couple), and the couples' use of demand/withdraw patterns. Regression analyses showed that the certain personality characteristics (i.e., neuroticism and perceived stress) linked to the individual differences hypothesis significantly predicted certain demand/withdraw patterns, while the social structure hypothesis as measured by perceived marital power and marital satisfaction were not uniquely predictive of demand/withdraw patterns. In all, the findings support the importance of the individual differences hypothesis in understanding the occurrence of demand/withdraw behavior.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 106
Book Description
Demand/withdraw communication patterns have been linked with decreased marital satisfaction and increased likelihood of divorce. To help prevent these occurrences, researchers have looked for the cause(s) of this communication pattern. Two main hypotheses have been proposed: the individual differences hypothesis, which states that personality differences are the cause of this negative communication pattern, and the social structure hypothesis, which states that societal power differences are the cause of the negative communication pattern. While each has received support in extant literature, they have not been tested simultaneously, preventing researchers from directly understanding each hypothesis's relative contribution to demand/withdraw patterns. The current study sought to fill this gap. Thirty-five married couples completed a questionnaire that assessed factors linked to the individual differences hypothesis (i.e., personality characteristics), factors linked with the social structure hypothesis (i.e., power dynamics in the couple), and the couples' use of demand/withdraw patterns. Regression analyses showed that the certain personality characteristics (i.e., neuroticism and perceived stress) linked to the individual differences hypothesis significantly predicted certain demand/withdraw patterns, while the social structure hypothesis as measured by perceived marital power and marital satisfaction were not uniquely predictive of demand/withdraw patterns. In all, the findings support the importance of the individual differences hypothesis in understanding the occurrence of demand/withdraw behavior.
Psychosocial Explorations of Gender in Society
Author: Rubina Hanif
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN: 1527555232
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 239
Book Description
The field of gender psychology is often dominated by work focusing on women. However, this book, adopting a psychological perspective, explores the various shades of gender, moving beyond its traditional binary division. The empirical research here provides insight into the significance of gender roles and identities in various spheres of life, including education and domestic, socio-political, and organizational settings. This volume also details various gender issues and challenge that permeate across cultures in Pakistan. Its data-driven approach will serve to guide psychologists, anthropologists, educationists, sociologists, and historians to orientate their research work within the psychological context of gender.
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN: 1527555232
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 239
Book Description
The field of gender psychology is often dominated by work focusing on women. However, this book, adopting a psychological perspective, explores the various shades of gender, moving beyond its traditional binary division. The empirical research here provides insight into the significance of gender roles and identities in various spheres of life, including education and domestic, socio-political, and organizational settings. This volume also details various gender issues and challenge that permeate across cultures in Pakistan. Its data-driven approach will serve to guide psychologists, anthropologists, educationists, sociologists, and historians to orientate their research work within the psychological context of gender.
The Oxford Handbook of the Physiology of Interpersonal Communication
Author: Lindsey Aloia
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 019067945X
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 504
Book Description
Communication scholars have long recognized the importance of understanding associations between our bodies and communication messages and processes. In the past decade, there has been an increased focus on the role of physiology in interpersonal interactions, resulting in a surge of research exploring topics related to communication in close relationships. This growing line of research explores topics such as affectionate communication, forgiveness, communication apprehension, and social support. Contributing to the increase in physiological research on communication processes is a greater recognition of the bi-directional nature of the associations between communication and the body. Researchers study both the physiological outcomes of communication episodes (e.g., stress responses to conflict conversations), as well as the effects of physiology on communication process (e.g., the influence of hormones on post-sex communication). The Oxford Handbook of the Physiology of Interpersonal Communication offers a comprehensive review of the most prolific areas of research investigating both the physiological outcomes of interpersonal communication and the effects of physiology on interpersonal interactions. This volume brings together thirty-three leading scholars in the field and draws on research from communication studies, physiology, psychology, and neuroscience. Based on quantitative research methods, the Handbook serves as a resource for both researchers and students interested in investigating the mutual influence of physiology and communication in close relationships.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 019067945X
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 504
Book Description
Communication scholars have long recognized the importance of understanding associations between our bodies and communication messages and processes. In the past decade, there has been an increased focus on the role of physiology in interpersonal interactions, resulting in a surge of research exploring topics related to communication in close relationships. This growing line of research explores topics such as affectionate communication, forgiveness, communication apprehension, and social support. Contributing to the increase in physiological research on communication processes is a greater recognition of the bi-directional nature of the associations between communication and the body. Researchers study both the physiological outcomes of communication episodes (e.g., stress responses to conflict conversations), as well as the effects of physiology on communication process (e.g., the influence of hormones on post-sex communication). The Oxford Handbook of the Physiology of Interpersonal Communication offers a comprehensive review of the most prolific areas of research investigating both the physiological outcomes of interpersonal communication and the effects of physiology on interpersonal interactions. This volume brings together thirty-three leading scholars in the field and draws on research from communication studies, physiology, psychology, and neuroscience. Based on quantitative research methods, the Handbook serves as a resource for both researchers and students interested in investigating the mutual influence of physiology and communication in close relationships.
The Routledge Handbook of Family Communication
Author: Anita L. Vangelisti
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1136946373
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 617
Book Description
With a synthesis of research on issues key to understanding family interaction, as well as an analysis of many theoretical and methodological choices made by researchers studying family communication, the Handbook serves to advance the field by reframing old questions and stimulating new ones. The contents are comprised of chapters covering: theoretical and methodological issues influencing current conceptions of family; research and theory centering around the family life course communication occurring in a variety of family forms individual family members and their relationships dynamic communication processes taking place in families family communication embedded in social, cultural, and physical contexts. Key changes to the second edition include: updates throughout, providing a thorough and up-to-date overview of research and theory new topics reflecting the growth of the discipline, including chapters on "singles" as family members, emerging adults, and physiology and physical health. Highlighting the work of scholars across disciplines--communication, social psychology, clinical psychology, sociology, family studies, and others--this volume captures the breadth and depth of research on family communication and family relationships. The well-known contributors approach family interaction from a variety of theoretical perspectives and focus on topics ranging from the influence of structural characteristics on family relationships to the importance of specific communication processes.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1136946373
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 617
Book Description
With a synthesis of research on issues key to understanding family interaction, as well as an analysis of many theoretical and methodological choices made by researchers studying family communication, the Handbook serves to advance the field by reframing old questions and stimulating new ones. The contents are comprised of chapters covering: theoretical and methodological issues influencing current conceptions of family; research and theory centering around the family life course communication occurring in a variety of family forms individual family members and their relationships dynamic communication processes taking place in families family communication embedded in social, cultural, and physical contexts. Key changes to the second edition include: updates throughout, providing a thorough and up-to-date overview of research and theory new topics reflecting the growth of the discipline, including chapters on "singles" as family members, emerging adults, and physiology and physical health. Highlighting the work of scholars across disciplines--communication, social psychology, clinical psychology, sociology, family studies, and others--this volume captures the breadth and depth of research on family communication and family relationships. The well-known contributors approach family interaction from a variety of theoretical perspectives and focus on topics ranging from the influence of structural characteristics on family relationships to the importance of specific communication processes.