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Author: Uran Butka Publisher: Booktique.al ISBN: Category : History Languages : sq Pages : 344
Book Description
THE BOMB AND THE SOVIET EMBASSY IN TIRANA The book by the writer and historian Uran Butka “ The bomb and the Soviet Embassy in Tirana” recently translated from Albanian to English, is a historical-legal study of one of the typical massacres of the brutal communist regime in Albania. The massacre that took place on the night of the 26th of February 1951 is at the same time the most illegal and unprecedented in the history of both the Albanian and foreign legislation. First of all, because the decision to realize the plan of the massacre took place not in the court of law but in the office of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of Albania, on the gathering of the night of the 20th February 1951, with the pretext that a small amount of dynamite was thrown in the backyard of the Soviet Embassy that actually broke just a few glasses the night before the meeting. This caused the immediate gathering of the heads of the State-Party leaded by Enver Hoxha . The meeting was called by the Minister of Internal Affairs Mehmet Shehu. In this meeting was decided that extraordinary measures had to be made without considering the laws in force, 100 or 150 people had to be arrested immediately and the most important people 10 or 15 amongst them had to be executed without trial. <>- said Mehmet Shehu during the meeting. Secondly, the arrests that were executed during 20th and 23d of February 1951, were not just political but also illegal, because they were executed without an arrest order or warrant from the prosecutor and without any court order of any kind, the names were taken only by the death list made by State Security. Another reason is that no investigation was made no court no appeal, so every step of the criminal and civil code were trespassed and violated . The victims were executed by a firing squad secretly at midnight near the shore of Erzeni river, so that all evidence would disappear. An massive operation also took place to deport their families into concentration and work camps. Last but not least , since the execution without trial made the headlines, within and outside the country, and since it involved the Soviet Embassy, the Supreme Court decided to make fictitious records, as these records were made during trial, but two members of the Supreme Court, Hydai Beja and Nonda Papuli, refused to sign these documents since no court had been made. So among other things a forgery of the documents was made to legitimize the massacre. All these jurisdictional and administrative violations failed to cover up the massacre without trial and with no guilt proven . In this way these known intellectuals from all over Albania with no trial were executed, to arouse fear terror and submission to the regime, but also to strength the friendship with the Soviet Union and the Stalinist way of dictatorship. But these man had no connection with this crime and they had no connection with each other.
Author: Uran Butka Publisher: Booktique.al ISBN: Category : History Languages : sq Pages : 344
Book Description
THE BOMB AND THE SOVIET EMBASSY IN TIRANA The book by the writer and historian Uran Butka “ The bomb and the Soviet Embassy in Tirana” recently translated from Albanian to English, is a historical-legal study of one of the typical massacres of the brutal communist regime in Albania. The massacre that took place on the night of the 26th of February 1951 is at the same time the most illegal and unprecedented in the history of both the Albanian and foreign legislation. First of all, because the decision to realize the plan of the massacre took place not in the court of law but in the office of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of Albania, on the gathering of the night of the 20th February 1951, with the pretext that a small amount of dynamite was thrown in the backyard of the Soviet Embassy that actually broke just a few glasses the night before the meeting. This caused the immediate gathering of the heads of the State-Party leaded by Enver Hoxha . The meeting was called by the Minister of Internal Affairs Mehmet Shehu. In this meeting was decided that extraordinary measures had to be made without considering the laws in force, 100 or 150 people had to be arrested immediately and the most important people 10 or 15 amongst them had to be executed without trial. <>- said Mehmet Shehu during the meeting. Secondly, the arrests that were executed during 20th and 23d of February 1951, were not just political but also illegal, because they were executed without an arrest order or warrant from the prosecutor and without any court order of any kind, the names were taken only by the death list made by State Security. Another reason is that no investigation was made no court no appeal, so every step of the criminal and civil code were trespassed and violated . The victims were executed by a firing squad secretly at midnight near the shore of Erzeni river, so that all evidence would disappear. An massive operation also took place to deport their families into concentration and work camps. Last but not least , since the execution without trial made the headlines, within and outside the country, and since it involved the Soviet Embassy, the Supreme Court decided to make fictitious records, as these records were made during trial, but two members of the Supreme Court, Hydai Beja and Nonda Papuli, refused to sign these documents since no court had been made. So among other things a forgery of the documents was made to legitimize the massacre. All these jurisdictional and administrative violations failed to cover up the massacre without trial and with no guilt proven . In this way these known intellectuals from all over Albania with no trial were executed, to arouse fear terror and submission to the regime, but also to strength the friendship with the Soviet Union and the Stalinist way of dictatorship. But these man had no connection with this crime and they had no connection with each other.
Author: Vojtech Mastny Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 0195352114 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 298
Book Description
In this long-awaited sequel to his acclaimed Russia's Road to the Cold War (1979), Vojtech Mastny offers a thorough history of the early years of the Cold War, drawing upon his extensive research in newly opened Soviet archives. Just as the earlier volume offered the definitive portrait of Joseph Stalin's foreign policy during World War II, The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity affords readers an equally superb account of Stalin's foreign policy during his last years. Combining important new data with the fascinating insights of one of our leading authorities on Soviet affairs, this book illuminates a crucial period in recent world history.
Author: James Callanan Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN: 0857711660 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 287
Book Description
Born out of the ashes of World War II, the covert action arm of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was created to counter the challenge posed by the Soviet Union and its allies and bolster American interests worldwide. It evolved rapidly into an eclectic, well-resourced organization whose activities provided a substitute for overt military action and afforded essential backup when the Cold War turned hot in Korea and Vietnam. This comprehensive examination of a still controversial subject sheds valuable new light on the undercover operations mounted by the CIA during the Cold War. Using a wide range of unpublished government records and documents, James Callanan traces the growth of the agency chronologically as it forged a covert action mission that sought to advance US foreign and defense policy in all corners of the globe. Offering a powerful perspective on a pivotal period in American history, "Covert Action in the Cold War" makes a crucial contribution to our understanding of global politics during the Cold War.
Author: R. J. Crampton Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1317891163 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 450
Book Description
Since the collapse of Eastern European communism, the Balkans have been more prominent in world affairs than at any time since before the First World War. Crises in the area have led NATO to fire its first ever shots in anger, whilst international forces have been deployed on a scale and in a manner unprecedented in Europe since World War Two.An understanding of why this happened is impossible without some knowledge of the history of the area before the fall of communism, of how the communists came to power and how they used their authority thereafter. Covering the communist states of Albania, Bulgaria, Romania and Yugoslavia, and including Greece, Richard Crampton provides a highly readable introduction to that history, one that will be read by journalists, diplomats and anyone interested in the region and its impact on world politics today.
Author: Agata Fijalkowski Publisher: Taylor & Francis ISBN: 1000901726 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 172
Book Description
Addressing the relationship between law and the visual, this book examines the importance of photography in Central, East, and Southeast European show trials. The dispensation of justice during communist rule in Albania, East Germany, and Poland was reliant on legal propaganda, making the visual a fundamental part of the legitimacy of the law. Analysing photographs of trials, this book examines how this message was conveyed to audiences watching and participating in the spectacle of show trials. The book traces how this use of the visual was exported from the Soviet Union and imposed upon its satellite states in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War. It shows how the legal actors and political authorities embraced new photographic technologies to advance their legal propaganda and legal photography. Drawing on contemporary theoretical work in the area, the book then challenges straightforward accounts of the relationship between law and the visual, critically engaging entrenched legal historical narratives, in relation to three different protagonists, to offer the possibility of reclaiming and rewriting past accounts. As its analysis demonstrates, the power of images can also be subversive; and, as such, the cases it addresses contribute to the discourse on visual epistemology and open onto contemporary questions about law and its inherent performativity. This original and insightful engagement with the relationship between law and the visual will appeal to legal and cultural theorists, as well as those with more specific interests in Stalinism, and in Central, East, and Southeast European history.
Author: Robert Elsie Publisher: Scarecrow Press ISBN: 081087380X Category : History Languages : en Pages : 663
Book Description
Albania is not well known by outsiders; it was deliberately closed to the outside world during the communist era. Now it has thankfully become free again, its borders are open and it can be visited, and it is increasingly integrating with the rest of Europe and beyond. Unfortunately, Albania has had its share of problems in the post-communist era; it's a land of destitution and despair, thanks in part to the Albanian mafia, which has turned the country into one of blood-feuds, kalashnikovs, and eternal crises. Yet, Albania is, in essence, a European nation like any other and will soon, it is to be hoped, advance and take its proper place in Europe and the world. The second edition of the Historical Dictionary of Albania relates the history of this little-known country through a detailed chronology, an introduction, a bibliography, appendixes, and over 700 cross-referenced dictionary entries on significant persons, places, and events; institutions and organizations; and political, economic, social, cultural, and religious facets.
Author: Blendi Fevziu Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN: 0857727036 Category : Biography & Autobiography Languages : en Pages : 320
Book Description
Stalinism, that particularly brutal phase of the Communist experience, came to an end in most of Europe with the death of Stalin in 1953. However, in one country - Albania - Stalinism survived virtually unscathed until 1990. The regime that the Albanian dictator Enver Hoxha led from 1944 until his death in 1985 was incomparably severe. Such was the reign of terror that no audible voice of opposition or dissent ever arose in the Balkan state and Albania became isolated from the rest of the world and utterly inward-looking. Three decades after his death, the spectre of Hoxha still lingers over the country, yet many people - inside and outside Albania - know little about the man who ruled the country with an iron fist for so many decades. This book provides the first biography of Hoxha available in English. Using unseen documents and first-hand interviews, journalist Blendi Fevziu pieces together the life of a tyrannical ruler in a biography which will be essential reading for anyone interested in Balkan history and communist studies.
Author: Uran Butka
Author: Uran Butka
Author: Library of Congress. Legislative Reference Service
Author: Vojtech Mastny
Author: James Callanan
Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations
Author: R. J. Crampton
Author: Agata Fijalkowski
Author: Robert Elsie
Author: Blendi Fevziu
Author: