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Author: Vytas Stanley Vardys Publisher: Penn State University Press ISBN: Category : History Languages : en Pages : 256
Book Description
Nation building--a striking phenomenon of modern times--was given a significant albeit unsuccessful trial in the Baltic area. Rising to independence from Russian rule and German occupation during World War I, the Baltic states--Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania--were annexed by the Soviet Union during World War II. The rise and fall of these nations reflects the great historical developments of the 20th century including the transformation of Wilsonian idealism into today's harsh realism. Following a historical introduction to the political developments of the Baltic states, this book examines the internal and external aspects of Lithuanian, Latvian, and Estonian nationhood. Part I depicts the triumph of independence movements. Part II compares the new nations' domestic policies, notably treatment of ethnic minorities and authoritarian responses to economic problems. Part III analyzes the Baltic states' relations with Germany, Great Britain, and the USSR, as well as efforts among some Balts to form a Baltic Union. Part IV examines the events surrounding Soviet annexation of the Baltic nations in 1944, together with the Soviet interpretation of this annexation. Sources for the book are Finnish, German, British, American, and especially Soviet (both Russian and Lithuanian) archives including some hitherto unpublished documents. Many of the book's ideas stem from conferences in the United States and Sweden co-sponsored by the Association for the Advancement of Baltic Studies, which also helped support this publication.
Author: Vytas Stanley Vardys Publisher: Penn State University Press ISBN: Category : History Languages : en Pages : 256
Book Description
Nation building--a striking phenomenon of modern times--was given a significant albeit unsuccessful trial in the Baltic area. Rising to independence from Russian rule and German occupation during World War I, the Baltic states--Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania--were annexed by the Soviet Union during World War II. The rise and fall of these nations reflects the great historical developments of the 20th century including the transformation of Wilsonian idealism into today's harsh realism. Following a historical introduction to the political developments of the Baltic states, this book examines the internal and external aspects of Lithuanian, Latvian, and Estonian nationhood. Part I depicts the triumph of independence movements. Part II compares the new nations' domestic policies, notably treatment of ethnic minorities and authoritarian responses to economic problems. Part III analyzes the Baltic states' relations with Germany, Great Britain, and the USSR, as well as efforts among some Balts to form a Baltic Union. Part IV examines the events surrounding Soviet annexation of the Baltic nations in 1944, together with the Soviet interpretation of this annexation. Sources for the book are Finnish, German, British, American, and especially Soviet (both Russian and Lithuanian) archives including some hitherto unpublished documents. Many of the book's ideas stem from conferences in the United States and Sweden co-sponsored by the Association for the Advancement of Baltic Studies, which also helped support this publication.
Author: Thomas Lane Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 113648311X Category : History Languages : en Pages : 708
Book Description
Since the end of the Cold War there has been an increased interest in the Baltics. The Baltic States brings together three titles, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, to provide a comprehensive and analytical guide integrating history, political science, economic development and contemporary events into one account. Since gaining their independence, each country has developed at its own pace with its own agenda and facing its own obstacles. The authors examine the tensions accompanying a post-communist return to Europe after the long years of separation and how each country has responded to the demands of becoming a modern European state. Estonia was the first of the former Soviet republics to enter membership negotiations with the European Union in 1988 and is a potential candidate for the next round of EU expansion in 2004. Lithuania and Latvia have also expressed their desire for future membership of NATO and the EU.
Author: Graham Smith Publisher: Springer ISBN: 134914150X Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 222
Book Description
The Baltic States examines the struggles of the Baltic peoples for national self-determination. It is divided into two parts. Part one explores their nationalist awakening, how the realization of national self-determination during the inter-war years of independent statehood manifested itself, and the impact that fifty years of subsequent incorporation into the Soviet Union has had on Baltic politics and national cultures. Part two examines the nationalist reawakening in the late 1980s, the re-establishment of Baltic national self-governance in 1990-91 and the problems that these countries now face as sovereign entities.
Author: David Crowe Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1000314804 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 255
Book Description
This is the first complete account of the diplomatic relations and military steps leading to Estonia's, Latvia's, and Lithuania's forcible absorption into the USSR in 1940. David Crowe—making use of recently opened archival sources—traces the Baltic states' relations with the Soviet Union, Germany, Poland, Great Britian, France and with one another from 1917-1940. He starts with an overview of 1917-1936 and then offers a detailed description of the diplomatic maneuvering that marked Europe's collective slide toward war. Crowe covers the Sudeten and Memel crises involving German communities in 1938, the German-Soviet Pact in August 1939, the mutual assistance pacts between the Baltic States and the USSR, the Baltic German migration, Soviet use of Estonia's military installations during their assault on Finland, and the subsequent Soviet occupation of the Baltic states. The story ends with the election of new, Soviet-sponsored legislatures that sought admission into the USSR as Soviet republics in 1940—a step that most Western countries never recognized, and one that the Baltic states finally reversed when they regained their independence fifty-one years later in August 1991.
Author: Kevin C. O'Connor Ph.D. Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA ISBN: 1610699165 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 325
Book Description
Updating the popular 2003 first edition, this book is a narrative history of the Baltic States with particular focus on the events of the 20th and 21st centuries. The Baltic States—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—were granted independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Since then, the three countries have struggled with sluggish economies, tensions with Russia, and government corruption. This extensively updated second edition of a well-regarded reference illuminates the events of the last decade, including the acceptance of all three nations into the European Union in 2004. Although it concentrates on the 20th and 21st centuries, the wide-ranging work covers major historical currents that have swept through Europe from the age of the Crusades through two world wars and into modern times. Updates include events that have occurred since 2003, such as the area's declining birth rates and inflation problems that led to the European Union denying the adoption of the Euro in Lithuania. A new chapter entitled "The Totalitarian Experience, 1940–1953" focuses specifically on the major tragedies of the 20th century: the Baltic States' loss of independence, their conquest by Nazi Germany, the Holocaust, and the horrors of the first years of Soviet rule. Historical controversies concerning World War II and the Soviet era are also addressed. Additionally, the Notable Figures section has been updated, the bibliography now includes many electronic resources, and photographs have been added.
Author: John Hiden Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 9780521531207 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 196
Book Description
This book is the first to highlight the importance of the Baltic region in the approach to war in 1939. Amid the welter of publications on the origins of the Second World War none has sought hitherto to focus on the Baltic region, where peace finally and irrevocably broke down. Central strategic and international issues of the interwar years are thus illuminated from a fresh perspective by a distinguished team of specialists that includes a number of native Baltic historians. The themes discussed by the contributors acquired renewed relevance, as the Baltic republics asserted their rejection of incorporation within the Soviet Union following the Nazi-Soviet pact of 1939. The Baltic and the outbreak of the Second World War makes an important contribution to the perennial debate on the immediate causes of the conflict, and should interest specialists in a variety of fields within international relations, modern European and diplomatic history.
Author: John Hiden Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1317890566 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 227
Book Description
Of all the Soviet Union's subject nationalities, the three Baltic republics, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, were the most determined and best organised in seizing the opportunities created by glasnost and perestroika to win freedom from Moscow's grip. At the time of first publication, in 1991, the final section of the book was speculative. Now for this revised edition, the authors have provided a new final chapter which brings the story up to date -- and the three republics to political independence again.
Author: Andrejs Plakans Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1139867180 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 611
Book Description
The Baltic region is frequently neglected in broader histories of Europe and its international significance can be obscured by separate treatments of the various Baltic states. With this wide-ranging survey, Andrejs Plakans presents an integrated history of three Baltic peoples - Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians - and draws out the common threads to show how it has been shaped by their location in a strategically desirable corner of Europe. Subordinated in turn by Baltic German landholders, the Polish nobility and gentry, and then by Russian and Soviet administrators, the three nations have nevertheless kept their distinctive identities - significantly retaining three separate languages in an ethnically diverse region. The book traces the countries' evolution from their ninth-century tribal beginnings to their present status as three thriving and separate nation states, focusing particularly on the region's complex twentieth-century history, which culminated in the eventual re-establishment of national sovereignty after 1991.
Author: Vytas Stanley Vardys
Author: Vytas Stanley Vardys
Author: Vytas Stanley Vardys
Author: Thomas Lane
Author: Graham Smith
Author: David Crowe
Author: Kevin C. O'Connor Ph.D.
Author: John Hiden
Author: John Hiden
Author: John Hiden
Author: Andrejs Plakans