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Author: Publisher: ISBN: 9781332249060 Category : Pets Languages : en Pages : 236
Book Description
Excerpt from The American Apiculturist, 1888, Vol. 6: A Journal Devoted to Scientific and Practical Beekeeping It has not only been haphazard mating, but every form of in breeding has gone on uninterruptedly. The wonder is that the bee of the present time has not degenerated from the good old stock of a thousand years ago. Now I shall assert that what is true of the human race and of the higher animals is also true as applied to the honey bee. In-and-in breeding is productive of evil in the animal and vegetable kingdoms throughout and there are no exceptions to the general rules anywhere. A single cross of near relatives is productive of little mischief; it is the repeated crosses of near relatives that cause evil. In early times we have many recorded instances of the union of near relatives in marriage. Moses was a son of a brother and sister, but by him came the law doing away with the intermarrying of near relatives. Thus, the evils of the practice were early perceived and they were abated for the benefit of the race. Barrenness was one of the notable results. In the vegetable kingdom, the universality of the law against the uniting of near relatives is made manifest in non-productiveness, and it has long been one of the most potent arguments of beekeepers in the interest of the honey bee that it was one of the chief agents in effecting the cross-fertilization of flowers, thus aiding directly in promoting the productiveness of all kinds of fruit trees. I shall make the point that everywhere in nature the highest order of fertility is where cross-fertilization is possible. In other words, hermaphrodite generation is opposed to great productiveness wherever found. The uniting of brother and sister is a form of hermaphrodite generation and the disposition, as we have seen, is toward barrenness. My experience with queens mated to nearly related drones is that the prolificness is impaired, and continued in-breeding results in queens that are wholly worthless to the practical beekeeper. On the contrary, every radical cross and every queen mated to an unrelated drone has been normally prolific and many of them remarkably so. In addition to this fact the working quality is perceptibly augmented. It has also appeared that the workers were longer lived, showing greater vitality. I think we shall find that the impairment of vitality from too close breeding will be manifest, not in sickly bees, but in comparatively short-lived bees. The farther we pursue this line of investigation, the more we shall find to convince us that the greatest success in our efforts to improve the honey bee both as to the prolificness of queens and the vigor and working qualities of the workers will be where we make crosses of the best unrelated queens and drones. If, in addition to this, we make individual selection we shall be certain of success and the "coming bee" will soon be in the range of possibility. A plan to this end has already been inaugurated by D. A. Jones, G. M. Doolittle, Abbott L. Swinson and myself in sending out virgin queens to be mated in distant apiaries. Surely, there will be no mistake in getting queens mated to unrelated drones by this method. Very satisfactory results the past season have already been noted by Mr. Doolittle from this practice. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com
Author: Publisher: ISBN: 9781332249060 Category : Pets Languages : en Pages : 236
Book Description
Excerpt from The American Apiculturist, 1888, Vol. 6: A Journal Devoted to Scientific and Practical Beekeeping It has not only been haphazard mating, but every form of in breeding has gone on uninterruptedly. The wonder is that the bee of the present time has not degenerated from the good old stock of a thousand years ago. Now I shall assert that what is true of the human race and of the higher animals is also true as applied to the honey bee. In-and-in breeding is productive of evil in the animal and vegetable kingdoms throughout and there are no exceptions to the general rules anywhere. A single cross of near relatives is productive of little mischief; it is the repeated crosses of near relatives that cause evil. In early times we have many recorded instances of the union of near relatives in marriage. Moses was a son of a brother and sister, but by him came the law doing away with the intermarrying of near relatives. Thus, the evils of the practice were early perceived and they were abated for the benefit of the race. Barrenness was one of the notable results. In the vegetable kingdom, the universality of the law against the uniting of near relatives is made manifest in non-productiveness, and it has long been one of the most potent arguments of beekeepers in the interest of the honey bee that it was one of the chief agents in effecting the cross-fertilization of flowers, thus aiding directly in promoting the productiveness of all kinds of fruit trees. I shall make the point that everywhere in nature the highest order of fertility is where cross-fertilization is possible. In other words, hermaphrodite generation is opposed to great productiveness wherever found. The uniting of brother and sister is a form of hermaphrodite generation and the disposition, as we have seen, is toward barrenness. My experience with queens mated to nearly related drones is that the prolificness is impaired, and continued in-breeding results in queens that are wholly worthless to the practical beekeeper. On the contrary, every radical cross and every queen mated to an unrelated drone has been normally prolific and many of them remarkably so. In addition to this fact the working quality is perceptibly augmented. It has also appeared that the workers were longer lived, showing greater vitality. I think we shall find that the impairment of vitality from too close breeding will be manifest, not in sickly bees, but in comparatively short-lived bees. The farther we pursue this line of investigation, the more we shall find to convince us that the greatest success in our efforts to improve the honey bee both as to the prolificness of queens and the vigor and working qualities of the workers will be where we make crosses of the best unrelated queens and drones. If, in addition to this, we make individual selection we shall be certain of success and the "coming bee" will soon be in the range of possibility. A plan to this end has already been inaugurated by D. A. Jones, G. M. Doolittle, Abbott L. Swinson and myself in sending out virgin queens to be mated in distant apiaries. Surely, there will be no mistake in getting queens mated to unrelated drones by this method. Very satisfactory results the past season have already been noted by Mr. Doolittle from this practice. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com
Author: Publisher: Forgotten Books ISBN: 9780267950447 Category : Pets Languages : en Pages : 304
Book Description
Excerpt from The American Apiculturist, Vol. 4: A Journal Devoted to Scientific and Practical Beekeeping, January 1, 1886 After his splendid achievements in Mr. Parsons' service, Mr. Cary greatly enlarged his own apiary, and placed himself in the front rank of reliable breeders of Italian queens. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author: Hardpress Publisher: Hardpress Publishing ISBN: 9781314843682 Category : Languages : en Pages : 246
Book Description
Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.
Author: Henry Alley Publisher: Forgotten Books ISBN: 9780265483992 Category : Pets Languages : en Pages : 202
Book Description
Excerpt from The American Apiculturist, Vol. 8: A Journal for the Novice and Expert in Beekeeping; January 1-December 1, 1890 Sometimes a queen may be found that seems to take pleasure in depositing all the drone eggs that she can find the proper drone cells to drop the eggs into. When I find a queen of this kind I usually work her to her full capacity in the line for which she seems to have a special gift. As she fills a comb with drone eggs it is removed to the queen less colony or to one rearing queens, and another comb is inserted in its place. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author: Publisher: Forgotten Books ISBN: 9780267860883 Category : Languages : en Pages : 186
Book Description
Excerpt from The American Apiculturist, 1891, Vol. 9: A Journal Devoted to Practical Beekeeping Perhaps it is because I do not read enough, though I take and read about all the bee-papers, or else. It may be, that you adepts are so busy discussing advanced points that you never have time for instruction to beginners, but I seem to find out my troubles first, and then read something on the subject much later. For instance, last winter we put the bees on the brick floor of the cel lar. There was not a rat or mouse hole anywhere, but after a little the rats dug through the plaster, and - just what they did, I shall never know. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author: Henry Alley Publisher: Forgotten Books ISBN: 9781332249039 Category : Pets Languages : en Pages : 354
Book Description
Excerpt from The American Apiculturist, Vol. 5: A Journal Devoted to Practical Beekeeping And, again, in making this exchange, no handling of the bees or brood-combs is required. The labor of preparing and distributing the food is short, easy and not unpleasant. On the contrary, if the exchange of the sugar stores is to be made for extracted honey, the disagreeable and, without care, the somewhat dangerous work of extracting from the brood-combs, must be performed at a time when the bees have nothing to do but to watch for opportunities to make trouble, the marketing of the honey is apt to be disappointing, and at best there is no hope of profit unless it be found in what 1 would believe are exceptional cases, where the exchange so much improves the the qualities of the stores for wintering purposes as to give a probable success in wintering for almost certain failure. This brings me to what is perhaps the most important point in the whole matter, and that is whether stores of pure granulated sugar syrup are better for wintering purposes than is honey. I have experimented more or less for the last seven or eight years with sugar for winter stores, with the result that 1 find within me an abiding faith in the value and the necessity of sugar stores if we are to allow every phase of the subject except successful wintering to drop out of sight. In the fall of '84, I supplied 200 colonies exclusively with such stores, and notwithstanding the ensuing disastrous winter, when fully ninety percent of the bees in this part of the state perished, there was not a single normal colony out of the two hundred, that, so far as I could judge, did not winter perfectly. I expect sometime to be able to winter my bees perfectly and with certainty on honey, though I have not learned to do it as yet; but with sugar stores alone, I think I am warranted in saying that 1 can do it now with practical certainty. If 1 am correct in this assertion, it follows that there is a difference in favor of sugar between that and at least some kinds of honey for the purposes of wintering. What is the solution of this? I believe there are several reasons for it. First, stores gathered late in the season on account of the undesirable sources from which some of them are taken, and on account of the want of thorough evaporation are much more liable to fermentation than are properly prepared sugar stores. Secondly, many affirm, and I believe they are correct, that the pollen often found floating in honey, particularly in that gathered late in the season and but partially ripened, is a cause of discomfort to the bees and so a cause of much of the imperfect wintering. And then, thirdly, sugar syrup is in its nature much less exciting to the bees than an honey. Every apiarist who has fed sugar syrup to bees cannot have failed to notice that it is a much pleasanter labor than would be the feeding of honey. He soon learns that it is very much less likely to incite robbing than is honey. Bees will become blind with excitement over exposed honey, while they will work lazily and without emotion on syrup. When spring opens, you will seldom see robber-bees prying into the hives of colonies whose stores are purely sugar. Why should not these characteristics of honey and sugar have a corresponding effect upon the bees during the winter? I can conceive of no reason why they should not, and from my experience in wintering bees on both kinds of stores, am satisfied that they do. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com
Author: Thomas G. Newman Publisher: ISBN: 9781332979318 Category : Pets Languages : en Pages : 654
Book Description
Excerpt from The American Bee Journal, 1888, Vol. 24 Mr. Stevenson gave his method of preparation for winter, which was to thoroughly protect the bees on all sides and on top by an outer box with a cover, allowing a space for dry pack ing-material, and fix them up early or before cold weather sets in. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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Author: Hardpress
Author: Henry Alley
Author: Carl Nicolaus Caspar
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Author: Henry Alley
Author: Thomas G. Newman