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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 7
Book Description
A new type of gamma-ray detector system for isotopic measurements has been developed. This new system, a ''Duo detector'' array, consists of two intrinsic germanium detectors, a planar followed by a coaxial mounted on the same axis within a single cryostat assembly. This configuration allows the isotopic analysis system to take advantage of spectral data results that are collected simultaneously from different gamma-ray energy regimes. Princeton Gamma Tech (PGT) produced several prototypes of this Duo detector array which were then tested by Rocky Flats personnel until the design was optimized. An application for this detector design is in automated, roboticized NDA systems such as those being developed at the Los Alamos TA-55 Plutonium Facility. The Duo detector design reduces the space necessary for the isotopic instrument by a factor of two (only one liquid nitrogen dewar is needed), and also reduces the complexity of the mechanical systems and controlling software. Data will be presented on measurements of nuclear material with a Duo detector for a wide variety of matrices. Results indicate that the maximum count rate can be increased up to 100,000 counts per second yet maintaining excellent resolution and energy rate product.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 7
Book Description
A new type of gamma-ray detector system for isotopic measurements has been developed. This new system, a ''Duo detector'' array, consists of two intrinsic germanium detectors, a planar followed by a coaxial mounted on the same axis within a single cryostat assembly. This configuration allows the isotopic analysis system to take advantage of spectral data results that are collected simultaneously from different gamma-ray energy regimes. Princeton Gamma Tech (PGT) produced several prototypes of this Duo detector array which were then tested by Rocky Flats personnel until the design was optimized. An application for this detector design is in automated, roboticized NDA systems such as those being developed at the Los Alamos TA-55 Plutonium Facility. The Duo detector design reduces the space necessary for the isotopic instrument by a factor of two (only one liquid nitrogen dewar is needed), and also reduces the complexity of the mechanical systems and controlling software. Data will be presented on measurements of nuclear material with a Duo detector for a wide variety of matrices. Results indicate that the maximum count rate can be increased up to 100,000 counts per second yet maintaining excellent resolution and energy rate product.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 10
Book Description
A time-measurement system can be built based on the ratio of gamma-ray peak intensities from two radioactive isotopes. The ideal system would use a parent isotope with a short half-life decaying to a long half-life daughter. The activities of the parent-daughter isotopes would be measured using a gamma-ray detector system. The time can then be determined from the ratio of the activities. The best-known candidate for such a system is the 241Pu-241Am parent-daughter pair. However, this 241Pu-241Am system would require a high-purity germanium detector system and sophisticated software to separate and distinguish between the many gamma-ray peaks produced by the decays of the two isotopes. An alternate system would use two different isotopes, again one with a short half-life and one with a half-life that is long relative to the other. The pair of isotopes 21°Pb and 241Am (with half-lives of 22 and 432 years, respectively) appears suitable for such a system. This time-measurement system operates by measuring the change in the ratio of the 47-keV peak of 21°Pb to the 60-keV peak of 241Am. For the system to work reasonably well, the resolution of the detector would need to be such that the two gamma-ray peaks are well separated so that their peak areas can be accurately determined using a simple region-of-interest (ROI) method. A variety of detectors were tested to find a suitable system for this application. The results of these tests are presented here.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 11
Book Description
We describe the new capability of and.present measurement results from the PC/FRAM plutonium isotopic analysis code. This new code allows data acquisition from a single coaxial germanium detector and analysis over an energy range from 120 keV to above I MeV. For the first time we demonstrate a complete isotopic analysis using only gamma rays greater than 200 keV in energy. This new capability allows the measurement of the plutonium isotopic composition of items inside shielded or heavy-walled containers without having to remove the items from the container. This greatly enhances worker safety by reducing handling and the resultant radiation exposure. Another application allows international inspectors to verify the contents of items inside sealed, long-term storage containers that may not be opened for national security or treaty compliance reasons. We present measurement results for traditional planar germanium detectors as well as coaxial detectors measuring shielded and unshielded samples.
Author: Nicholas Tsoulfanidis Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1000417808 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 642
Book Description
As useful to students and nuclear professionals as its popular predecessors, this fifth edition provides the most up-to-date and accessible introduction to radiation detector materials, systems, and applications. There have been many advances in the field of radiation detection, most notably in practical applications. Incorporating these important developments, Measurement and Detection of Radiation, Fifth Edition provides the most up-to-date and accessible introduction to radiation detector materials, systems, and applications. It also includes more problems and updated references and bibliographies, and step-by-step derivations and numerous examples illustrate key concepts. New to the Fifth Edition: • Expanded chapters on semiconductor detectors, data analysis methods, health physics fundamentals, and nuclear forensics. • Updated references and bibliographies. • New and expanded problems.
Author: W. D. Ruhter Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The gamma-ray data analysis methodology originally developed for the MGA code to determine the relative detection efficiency curve may also be used to determine the relative amounts of the isotopes being measured. This analysis approach is based on the fact that the intensity of any given gamma ray from a sample is determined by the amount of the emitting isotope present in the sample, the emission probability for the gamma ray being measured, the sample self attenuation, the attenuation due to absorbers between the sample and detector, and the detector efficiency. An equation can be written that describes a measured gamma-ray peak intensity in terms of these parameters. By selecting appropriate gamma-ray peaks from the isotopes of interest, we can solve a set of equations for the values of the parameters in any particular measurement including the relative amounts of the selected isotopes. The equations representing the peak intensities are very nonlinear and require an iterative least squares method to solve. We have developed software to ensure that during the iterative process the parameters stay within their appropriate ranges and converge properly in solving the set of equations under various measurement conditions. We have utilized and reported on this approach for determining the plutonium isotopic abundances in samples enriched in Pu-238 and to determine the U-235 enrichment of uranium samples in thick-walled containers. Recently, we have used this approach to determine the plutonium isotopic abundances of plutonium samples in thick-walled containers. We will report on this most recent application, and how this general approach can be adapted quickly to any isotopic analysis problem.
Author: Michael F. L'Annunziata Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0323137881 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 810
Book Description
Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis is written by experts in the measurement of radioactivity. The book describes the broad scope of analytical methods available and instructs the reader on how to select the proper technique. It is intended as a practical manual for research which requires the accurate measurement of radioactivity at all levels, from the low levels encountered in the environment to the high levels measured in radioisotope research. This book contains sample preparation procedures, recommendations on steps to follow, necessary calculations, computer controlled analysis, and high sample throughput techniques. Each chapter includes practical techniques for application to nuclear safety, nuclear safeguards, environmental analysis, weapons disarmament, and assays required for research in biomedicine and agriculture. The fundamentals of radioactivity properties, radionuclide decay, and methods of detection are included to provide the basis for a thorough understanding of the analytical procedures described in the book. Therefore, the Handbook can also be used as a teaching text. - Includes sample preparation techniques for matrices such as soil, air, plant, water, animal tissue, and surface swipes - Provides procedures and guidelines for the analysis of commonly encountered na
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 9
Book Description
The Safeguards Science and Technology Group at the Los Alamos National Laboratory has accumualted a large quantity of high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector gamma-ray spectra in support of the development of the FRAM (Fixed Energy, Response Function Analysis with Multiple Efficiencies) gamma-ray isotopic analysis software. These data, acquired over a period of 15 years, represent a variety of planar and coaxial HPGe detectors, analog and digital data acquisition electronics, and represent both laboratory and facility measurements. All data are multiple measurements from samples with well-documented isotopic composition from mass spectrometry measurements. They will report the results of rigorous statistical analyses of FRAM analysis results. The presentation will discuss the errors in FRAM analyses arising from the choice of detector type and analysis energy region and document the errors arising from sample-dependent and analysis-dependent effects.
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Author: Doug Reilly
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Author: Nicholas Tsoulfanidis
Author: W. D. Ruhter
Author: Michael F. L'Annunziata
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