Ternary Graphite Intercalation Compounds for the Reversible Storage of Alkali Ions in Electrochemical Cells PDF Download

Author: Birte Andrea Jache
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Author: Toshiaki Enoki
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 9780195351842
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 556

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Graphite intercalation compounds are a new class of electronic materials that are classified as graphite-based host guest systems. They have specific structural features based on the alternating stacking of graphite and guest intercalate sheets. The electronic structures show two-dimensional metallic properties with a large variety of features including superconductivity. They are also interesting from the point of two-dimensional magnetic systems. This book presents the synthesis, crystal structures, phase transitions, lattice dynamics, electronic structures, electron transport properties, magnetic properties, surface phenomena, and applications of graphite intercalation compounds. The applications covered include batteries, highly conductive graphite fibers, exfoliated graphite and intercalated fullerenes and nanotubes.

Author: Tosapol Maluangont
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Alkali metals
Languages : en
Pages : 165

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Novel ternary graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) of alkali metal cations and a wide variety of amines have been synthesized by one-pot chemical syntheses. Alkali metals studied includes Li, Na and K. The families of amines employed are nalkylamines, branched alkylamines, and different structural isomers of diamines and polyamines. Intragallery structures of the amine co-intercalates residing between the graphene sheets are proposed based on powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), supplemented by compositional analyses, thermal analyses, and structure optimization when appropriate. A homologous series of M-n-alkylamine-GICs (M = Na, Li) is reported for the first time, with the n-alkylamines of 3-14 carbon atoms (nC3-nC14). The following new GICs with indicated stages and intercalate arrangements are obtained: stage 1, d[subscript i] ~ 0.70 nm, monolayer (nC3, nC4); stage 1, d[subscript i]~ 1.10 nm, bilayer (nC6, nC8); and stage 2, d[subscript i] ~ 1.10 nm, bilayer (nC12, nC14). Here d[subscript i] is the gallery height. Two features new to donor-type GICs found are (i) an intercalate bilayer arrangement with guest alkyl chains parallel to encasing graphene layers, and (ii) the transition from an intercalate bilayer to monolayer arrangement upon evacuation for nC6. GICs containing branched alkylamines co-intercalates are prepared and their intragallery structures compared to those of selected n-alkylamines. A notable difference is observed for amines with 4 carbon atoms. While the linear n-butylamine forms parallel monolayers (d[subscript i] ~ 0.70 nm), the branched analogs (iso-butylamine and sec-butylamine) instead form bilayers with d[subscript i] ~ 1.30 nm. This result contrasts with the general observation that more sterically-hindered intercalates tend to intercalate at lower concentrations. This structural difference is not observed, however, between npropylamine and iso-propylamine (d[subscript i] ~ 0.70 and 0.76 nm respectively). A rare example of a ternary GIC exhibiting cation-directed orientation of the diamine co-intercalate (1,2-diaminopropane, 12DAP) is reported. Depending on the cation M, this diamine can exhibit either perpendicular (M = Li, d[subscript i] ~ 0.81 nm), parallel (M = K, d[subscript i] ~ 0.70 nm) or a tilted orientation (M = Na, d[subscript i] ~ 0.75 nm). Interestingly, the gallery expansions increase as the cationic radii decrease. The structural effect of the diamines is systematically investigated, employing diamines with different alkyl chain lengths, different positions of an -NH2 group, and different -CH3 substituent patterns. The first example of a monolayer perpendicularto- parallel transition in a GIC is reported for Li- ethylenediamine (EN)-GIC, with the respective change in d[subscript i] from 0.85 to 0.68 nm. The sodium analog, Na-EN-GIC, is also prepared and described. We also report quaternary compounds of mixed cations (Li, Na)-12DAP-GIC and mixed amines Na-(EN,12DAP)-GIC. Ternary graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) of alkali metals and polyamines are prepared. Structural modifications similar to the diamines indicated above are also observed for polyamine intercalates. The polyamines studied include diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, N, N, N', N', N'- pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, and tris(2-aminoethyl)amine. Most of the new GICs have amine intercalates in parallel orientation (d[subscript i] ~ 0.76-0.86 nm for monolayers, and 1.13 nm for bilayers), though the GIC stage numbers depend on the size of the polyamine. In contrast, the star-shaped polyamine tris(2-aminoethyl)amine shows a perpendicular monolayer orientation with d[subscript i] ~ 1.06 nm.

Author: Christian Julien
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9781402005947
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 670

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Recent advances in electrochemistry and materials science have opened the way to the evolution of entirely new types of energy storage systems: rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, electrochroms, hydrogen containers, etc., all of which have greatly improved electrical performance and other desirable characteristics. This book encompasses all the disciplines linked in the progress from fundamentals to applications, from description and modelling of different materials to technological use, from general diagnostics to methods related to technological control and operation of intercalation compounds. Designing devices with higher specific energy and power will require a more profound understanding of material properties and performance. This book covers the status of materials and advanced activities based on the development of new substances for energy storage.

Author: Ming Hong Yang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Clathrate compounds
Languages : en
Pages : 362

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Author: F. Hulliger
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 940101146X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 401

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This monograph is intended to give the reader an appreciation of the wealth of phases, elements and inorganic compounds, which crystallize in layer-type or two dimensional structures. Originally this work was planned as a short review article but the large number of phases made it grow out to the size of a book. As is evident from the arrangement of the chapters our point of view was gradually transmuting from geometric to chemical. Moreover, the decision about the compounds that should be discussed was taken only during the course of the work, as is partly evident from the sequence of the references. For chemical or geometrical reason we have included also certain layered chain and molecular structures as well as some layered structures whose layers are linked by hydrogen bonds, thus are in fact three-dimensional. Instead of writing only a review with pseudo-scientific interpretations that later turn out to be wrong anyway we thought it more profitable to include the crystallographic data which are scattered in various original articles and hand books but never in one single volume. We have transcribed many of the data in order to make them correspond with the standard settings of the International Tables for X-Ray Crystallography. The figures are consistent with the data given in the tables. We apologize for errors and hope that their number is at a reasonably low level in spite of the time pressure.

Author:
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1789450136
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 386

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This book covers both the fundamental and applied aspects of advanced Na-ion batteries (NIB) which have proven to be a potential challenger to Li-ion batteries. Both the chemistry and design of positive and negative electrode materials are examined. In NIB, the electrolyte is also a crucial part of the batteries and the recent research, showing a possible alternative to classical electrolytes – with the development of ionic liquid-based electrolytes – is also explored. Cycling performance in NIB is also strongly associated with the quality of the electrode-electrolyte interface, where electrolyte degradation takes place; thus, Na-ion Batteries details the recent achievements in furthering knowledge of this interface. Finally, as the ultimate goal is commercialization of this new electrical storage technology, the last chapters are dedicated to the industrial point of view, given by two startup companies, who developed two different NIB chemistries for complementary applications and markets.

Author: Maria-Magdalena Titirici
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 3527825770
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 767

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Presents uparalleled coverage of Na-ion battery technology, including the most recent research and emerging applications Na-ion battery technologies have emerged as cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternatives to Li-ion batteries, particularly for large-scale storage applications where battery size is less of a concern than in portable electronics or electric vehicles. Scientists and engineers involved in developing commercially viable Na-ion batteries need to understand the state-of-the-art in constituent materials, electrodes, and electrolytes to meet both performance metrics and economic requirements. Sodium-Ion Batteries: Materials, Characterization, and Technology provides in-depth coverage of the material constituents, characterization, applications, upscaling, and commercialization of Na-ion batteries. Contributions by international experts discuss the development and performance of cathode and anode materials and their characterization - using methods such as NMR spectroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computational studies - as well as ceramics, ionic liquids, and other solid and liquid electrolytes. Discusses the development of battery technology based on the abundant alkali ion sodium Features a thorough introduction to Na-ion batteries and their comparison with Li-ion batteries Reviews recent research on the structure-electrochemical performance relationship and the development of new solid electrolytes Includes a timely overview of commercial perspectives, cost analysis, and safety issues of Na-ion batteries Covers emerging technologies including Na-ion capacitors, aqueous sodium batteries, and Na-S batteries The handbook Sodium-Ion Batteries: Materials, Characterization, and Technology is an indispensable reference for researchers and development engineers, materials scientists, electrochemists, and engineering scientists in both academia and industry.

Author: Philippe Serp
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470403691
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 603

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This is the first comprehensive book covering all aspects of the use of carbonaceous materials in heterogeneous catalysis. It covers the preparation and characterization of carbon supports and carbon-supported catalysts; carbon surface chemistry in catalysis; the description of catalytic, photo-catalytic, or electro-catalytic reactions, including the development of new carbon materials such as carbon xerogels, aerogels, or carbon nanotubes; and new carbon-based materials in catalytic or adsorption processes. This is a premier reference for carbon, inorganic, and physical chemists, materials scientists and engineers, chemical engineers, and others.

Author: Reiner Korthauer
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3662530716
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 417

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The handbook focuses on a complete outline of lithium-ion batteries. Just before starting with an exposition of the fundamentals of this system, the book gives a short explanation of the newest cell generation. The most important elements are described as negative / positive electrode materials, electrolytes, seals and separators. The battery disconnect unit and the battery management system are important parts of modern lithium-ion batteries. An economical, faultless and efficient battery production is a must today and is represented with one chapter in the handbook. Cross-cutting issues like electrical, chemical, functional safety are further topics. Last but not least standards and transportation themes are the final chapters of the handbook. The different topics of the handbook provide a good knowledge base not only for those working daily on electrochemical energy storage, but also to scientists, engineers and students concerned in modern battery systems.