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Author: Greg R. Phillips Publisher: ISBN: 9780591581553 Category : Cell adhesion molecules Languages : en Pages : 322
Book Description
Cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion molecules, CAMs and SAMs, are two classes of morphoregulatory molecules that are important for regulating cellular processes such as cell proliferation, cell migration, cell differentiation, and neurite extension during the development and regeneration of the nervous system. The present study examines the functions of two such molecules, tenascin (TN), a SAM, and the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM), a CAM. TN has a multidomain structure with regions homologous to epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats, fibronectin type III (FNIII) repeats, and fibrinogen (fg). Earlier studies identified cell binding sites within the FNIII repeats and established that the third FNIII repeat interacted with several integrins. In the present study, the FNIII repeat region was further characterized for its ability to support neuron attachment, neurite outgrowth and cell migration. The sixth FNIII repeat was found to support fibroblast and neuronal attachment, and to stimulate neurite outgrowth and glioma cell migration. The binding of fibroblasts and neurons to the sixth FNIII repeat was integrin dependent. The third FNIII repeat also promoted neurite outgrowth and glioma migration. The fifth FNIII repeat supported attachment of glioma cells but not neurons or fibroblasts and inhibited glioma migration. Thus, the involvement of multiple TN domains and the engagement of multiple cellular receptors influences the complex processes of neurite extension and glioma cell migration. N-CAM is an adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily and it carries an unusual polysialic acid carbohydrate moiety, the amount of which changes during neural development and regeneration. Polysialylation of N-CAM imparts a negative charge to the cell surface, reducing the strength of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Hamster PST-1 (PST) is a recently cloned sialyltransferase that catalyzes the polysialylation of N-CAM and that displayed homology to a sialyltransferase of unknown specificity, STX. In the present study, a cDNA for rat PST was isolated and both rat PST and rat STX were shown to polysialylate N-CAM at similar levels in transfection studies. The distributions of PST and STX mRNAs were compared with that of polysialic acid and N-CAM at three developmental stages using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The distribution of both PST and STX mRNAs were consistent with the expression pattern for polysialic acid and suggest that both PST and STX participate in the polysialylation of N-CAM in vivo. The above studies elaborate on the roles of these two molecules in neural development and suggest reagents that may be useful for the study of nerve regeneration.
Author: Greg R. Phillips Publisher: ISBN: 9780591581553 Category : Cell adhesion molecules Languages : en Pages : 322
Book Description
Cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion molecules, CAMs and SAMs, are two classes of morphoregulatory molecules that are important for regulating cellular processes such as cell proliferation, cell migration, cell differentiation, and neurite extension during the development and regeneration of the nervous system. The present study examines the functions of two such molecules, tenascin (TN), a SAM, and the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM), a CAM. TN has a multidomain structure with regions homologous to epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats, fibronectin type III (FNIII) repeats, and fibrinogen (fg). Earlier studies identified cell binding sites within the FNIII repeats and established that the third FNIII repeat interacted with several integrins. In the present study, the FNIII repeat region was further characterized for its ability to support neuron attachment, neurite outgrowth and cell migration. The sixth FNIII repeat was found to support fibroblast and neuronal attachment, and to stimulate neurite outgrowth and glioma cell migration. The binding of fibroblasts and neurons to the sixth FNIII repeat was integrin dependent. The third FNIII repeat also promoted neurite outgrowth and glioma migration. The fifth FNIII repeat supported attachment of glioma cells but not neurons or fibroblasts and inhibited glioma migration. Thus, the involvement of multiple TN domains and the engagement of multiple cellular receptors influences the complex processes of neurite extension and glioma cell migration. N-CAM is an adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily and it carries an unusual polysialic acid carbohydrate moiety, the amount of which changes during neural development and regeneration. Polysialylation of N-CAM imparts a negative charge to the cell surface, reducing the strength of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Hamster PST-1 (PST) is a recently cloned sialyltransferase that catalyzes the polysialylation of N-CAM and that displayed homology to a sialyltransferase of unknown specificity, STX. In the present study, a cDNA for rat PST was isolated and both rat PST and rat STX were shown to polysialylate N-CAM at similar levels in transfection studies. The distributions of PST and STX mRNAs were compared with that of polysialic acid and N-CAM at three developmental stages using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The distribution of both PST and STX mRNAs were consistent with the expression pattern for polysialic acid and suggest that both PST and STX participate in the polysialylation of N-CAM in vivo. The above studies elaborate on the roles of these two molecules in neural development and suggest reagents that may be useful for the study of nerve regeneration.
Author: Brian K. Hall Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0124166857 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 911
Book Description
Bones and Cartilage provides the most in-depth review and synthesis assembled on the topic, across all vertebrates. It examines the function, development and evolution of bone and cartilage as tissues, organs and skeletal systems. It describes how bone and cartilage develop in embryos and are maintained in adults, how bone is repaired when we break a leg, or regenerates when a newt grows a new limb, or a lizard a new tail. The second edition of Bones and Cartilage includes the most recent knowledge of molecular, cellular, developmental and evolutionary processes, which are integrated to outline a unified discipline of developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology. Additionally, coverage includes how the molecular and cellular aspects of bones and cartilage differ in different skeletal systems and across species, along with the latest studies and hypotheses of relationships between skeletal cells and the most recent information on coupling between osteocytes and osteoclasts All chapters have been revised and updated to include the latest research. Offers complete coverage of every aspect of bone and cartilage, with updated references and extensive illustrations Integrates development and evolution of the skeleton, as well a synthesis of differentiation, growth and patterning Treats all levels from molecular to clinical, embryos to evolution, and covers all vertebrates as well as invertebrate cartilages Includes new chapters on evolutionary skeletal biology that highlight normal variation and variability, and variation outside the norm (neomorphs, atavisms) Updates hypotheses on the origination of cartilage using new phylogenetic, cellular and genetic data Covers stem cells in embryos and adults, including mesenchymal stem cells and their use in genetic engineering of cartilage, and the concept of the stem cell niche
Author: Vladimir Berezin Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1441911707 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 429
Book Description
This book describes recent developments concerning structural, functional and possible therapeutic aspects of one particular CAM, the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM).
Author: Jan Pruszak Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128011262 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 253
Book Description
Neural Surface Antigens: From Basic Biology towards Biomedical Applications focuses on the functionalrole of surface molecules in neural development, stem cell research, and translational biomedical paradigms.With an emphasis on human and rodent model systems, this reference covers fundamentals of neural stemcell biology and flow cytometric methodology. Addressing cell biologists as well as clinicians working in theneurosciences, the book was conceived by an international panel of experts to cover a vast array of particularsurface antigen families and subtypes. It provides insight into the basic biology and functional mechanisms ofneural cell surface signaling molecules influencing mammalian development, regeneration, and treatments. Introduces early phase clinical trials of neural stem cells Outlines characterization of surface molecule expression and methods for isolation which open unprecedented opportunities for functional study, quantitation & diagnostics Highlights the role of stem cells in neural surface antigen and biomarker analysis and applications
Author: Joost Verhaagen Publisher: Newnes ISBN: 0444521372 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 678
Book Description
Spinal Cord Injury, the newest volume in the Handbook of Clinical Neurology series, offers a comprehensive and detailed overview of the rapidly evolving science and treatment of spinal cord injury. Advances in neuroimaging, surgical treatment and application of electrical stimulation are dramatically impacting the treatment and outcome of these injuries. It provides a clear introduction to the core science of spinal cord injury, as well as to exciting research investigating new treatment options. Coverage includes brain-machine interfaces, transcranial stimulation, new pharmacological strategies, use of olfactory ensheathing cells, stem cells and precursor cells, gene therapy and molecular target discovery. This volume is a great resource for neuroscience and clinical neurology research specialists and practicing neurologists seeking a clear reference to the science and treatment of spinal cord injury.
Author: Marc M. Mareel Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 9780849362545 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 592
Book Description
This book covers important biological, immunological, and molecular information essential for understanding the rationale and results of experiments and clinical observations on cell-cell and cell substrate adhesion; hydrolytic activities, cell motility; immunological and other host elements of the host-tumor ecosystem (at different sites of the metastic process); genetic and epigenetic elements of the acquisition and the expression of invasive phenotypes. 38 tables and 60 computer-drawn figures provide comprehensive overviews, and a methodological chapter emphasizing the differences and similarities between assays and their relevance for natural situations has also been included. Clinical and experimental cancer researchers, as well as as post-graduate students interested in cancer research, will find this book to be an indispensable reference resource.
Author: Brian K. Hall Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1475730640 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 322
Book Description
A discussion of the neural crest and neural crest cells, dealing with their discovery, their embryological and evolutionary origins, their cellular derivatives - in both agnathan and jawed vertebrates or gnathostomes - and the broad topics of migration and differentiation in normal development. The book also considers what goes wrong when development is misdirected by mutations, or by exposure of embryos to exogenous agents such as drugs, alcohol, or excess vitamin A, and includes discussions of tumours and syndromes and birth defects involving neural crest cells.
Author: Philippe Taupin Publisher: Nova Publishers ISBN: 9781594548567 Category : Adulthood Languages : en Pages : 222
Book Description
This title contains a book and CD. The brain has a number of nerve cells estimated at a magnitude of 10 to 100 billion, and 1014 to 1015 synapses, and therefore is the most complex organ of the human body. During fetal development the foundations of the brain are laid as billions of neurons form appropriate connections and patterns. In the adult mammalian brain, most neurons are post-mitotic, and therefore at risk for irreversible damage. As we age, atrophy of the brain occurs. As brain weight declines the volume of the brain in the 8th decade is reduced by 6 per cent -10 per cent versus the third decade, and neuronal loss occurs, up to 10,000 to 100,000 neurons are lost per day, though this estimation is being revised downward with the advance of more sophisticated measurements.
Author: Greg R. Phillips
Author: Greg R. Phillips
Author: Brian K. Hall
Author: 
Author: Vladimir Berezin
Author: Jan Pruszak
Author: Joost Verhaagen
Author: Marc M. Mareel
Author: Brian K. Hall
Author: 
Author: Philippe Taupin