Temperature Patterns in an Alpine Snow Cover and Their Influence on Snow Metamorphism PDF Download
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Author: Edward R. LaChapelle Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 42
Book Description
Spatial and temporal variations of temperature in alpine snow covers have been systematically observed over a period of two winters. Concurrently, snow crystal metamorphism has been monitored in the same snow covers, along with such basic snow properties as density and ram resistance. Near-surface snow temperatures fluctuate widely in response to diurnal weather variations. Below about 25 cm beneath the surface the temperatures change more slowly in response to longer-term weather trends. Mean snow temperatures are colder on north slopes than south ones but mean snow cover temperature gradients are similar on both exposures owing to shallower snow on south slopes. A forest canopy tends to suppress snow surface radiation cooling and hence reduce magnitude of temperature gradients at depth. Metamorphism in snow follows a recrystallization mode with declining mechanical strength when the saturation water vapor pressure gardient exceeds 0.05 mb/cm. Owing to a nonlinear vapor pressure-temperature relationship over ice, this corresponds to the conventional critical temperature gradient of 0.1 C/cm for this metamorphism mode only at snow temperatures close to the melting point. Mean monthly snow temperature gradients can reasonably be estimated from air temperature and snow depth means, but this method can be extended to vapor pressure gradients only if appropriate corrections for non-linearity are introduced. (Author).
Author: Edward R. LaChapelle Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 42
Book Description
Spatial and temporal variations of temperature in alpine snow covers have been systematically observed over a period of two winters. Concurrently, snow crystal metamorphism has been monitored in the same snow covers, along with such basic snow properties as density and ram resistance. Near-surface snow temperatures fluctuate widely in response to diurnal weather variations. Below about 25 cm beneath the surface the temperatures change more slowly in response to longer-term weather trends. Mean snow temperatures are colder on north slopes than south ones but mean snow cover temperature gradients are similar on both exposures owing to shallower snow on south slopes. A forest canopy tends to suppress snow surface radiation cooling and hence reduce magnitude of temperature gradients at depth. Metamorphism in snow follows a recrystallization mode with declining mechanical strength when the saturation water vapor pressure gardient exceeds 0.05 mb/cm. Owing to a nonlinear vapor pressure-temperature relationship over ice, this corresponds to the conventional critical temperature gradient of 0.1 C/cm for this metamorphism mode only at snow temperatures close to the melting point. Mean monthly snow temperature gradients can reasonably be estimated from air temperature and snow depth means, but this method can be extended to vapor pressure gradients only if appropriate corrections for non-linearity are introduced. (Author).
Author: P. Singh Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9780792367673 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 764
Book Description
This book provides an updated discussion of snow and glacier hydrology, drawing on the results of recent investigations. It serves as a source of reference at the senior undergraduate or beginning graduate level and stimulates further interest in this important part of the hydrologic cycle.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Aeronautics Languages : en Pages : 742
Book Description
Lists citations with abstracts for aerospace related reports obtained from world wide sources and announces documents that have recently been entered into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Database.
Author: H.G. Jones Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9400939477 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 748
Book Description
In recent years, much concern has been expressed on the deleterious effects that anthropogenic emissions of acidic pollutants have on ecosystems of both industrialized countries and remote areas of the world. In many of these regions, seasonal snowcover is a major factor in the transfer of atmospheric pollutants, either to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems or to the more permanent reservoirs of glaciers and ice sheets. The recognition of the role that seasonal snowcovers can thus play in the chemical dynamics of whole ecosystems was recently echoed by the Committee on Glaciology of the National Research Council (National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine) which recommended that studies on "Impurities in the snowpack, their discharge into runoff, and management of the problem" be rated at the highest prority level (ref. a). It is in this context that the Advanced Research Institute (ASI) brought together scientists active in the fields of snow physics, snow chemistry and snow hydrology. The programme was structured so as to facilitate the exchange of information and ideas on the theories for the chemical evolution of seasonal snowcovers and snowmelt and on the impact of the chemical composition of the meltwaters on the different components of hydrological systems. As a consequence the ASI also attracted participants from potential users of the information that was disseminated; these were particularly concerned with the effects of snowmelt and snowcover on terrestrial biota and those of lakes and streams.
Author: John E. Oliver Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1402032641 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 873
Book Description
Today, given the well-publicized impacts of events such as El Niño, there is an unequaled public awareness of how climate affects the quality of life and environment. Such awareness has created an increasing demand for accurate climatological information. This information is now available in one convenient, accessible source, the Encyclopedia of World Climatology. This comprehensive volume covers all the main subfields of climatology, supplies information on climates in major continental areas, and explains the intricacies of climatic processes. The level of presentation will meet the needs of specialists, university students, and educated laypersons. A successor to the 1986 Encyclopedia of Climatology, this compendium provides a clear explanation of current knowledge and research directions in modern climatology. This new encyclopedia emphasizes climatological developments that have evolved over the past twenty years. It offers more than 200 informative articles prepared by 150 experts on numerous subjects, ranging from standard areas of study to the latest research studies. The relationship between climatology and both physical and social science is fully explored, as is the significance of climate for our future well-being. The information is organized for speedy access. Entries are conveniently arranged in alphabetical order, thoroughly indexed, and cross-referenced. Every entry contains useful citations to additional source materials. The Editor John E. Oliver is Professor Emeritus at Indiana State University. He holds a B.Sc. from London University, and a MA and Ph.D from Columbia University. He taught at Columbia University and then at Indiana State where he was formerly Chair of the Geography-Geology Department, and Assoc iate Dean, College of Arts and Sciences. He has written many books and journal articles in Climatology, Applied Climatology and Physical Geography.
Author: Edward R. LaChapelle
Author: Edward R. LaChapelle
Author: P. Singh
Author: 
Author: 
Author: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.)
Author: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.)
Author: H. G. Jones
Author: H.G. Jones
Author: John E. Oliver
Author: