Author:
Publisher: Teacher Created Materials
ISBN: 1087689945
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 51
Book Description
It is estimated that 2 billion people use social media. With so many users, the language of social media makes it quick and easy for people to communicate. Learn more about the words, acronyms, GIFs, memes, and emoji that will have you communicating on social media like a pro! Featuring TIME For Kids content, this 6-Pack of nonfiction readers includes detailed photos and sidebars, stimulating facts, and clear, informational text to engage students as they build their critical literacy skills. The Reader's Guide, Dig Deeper, and Try It! sections prompt students to connect back to the text, and provide extensive language-development activities that will develop critical thinking. The books include text features such as a table of contents, glossary, and an index to increase understanding and improve academic vocabulary. Aligned with state and national standards, this text prepares students for college and career. This 6-Pack includes six copies of this title and a lesson plan.
Tech World: The Language of Social Media Guided Reading 6-Pack
Author:
Publisher: Teacher Created Materials
ISBN: 1087689945
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 51
Book Description
It is estimated that 2 billion people use social media. With so many users, the language of social media makes it quick and easy for people to communicate. Learn more about the words, acronyms, GIFs, memes, and emoji that will have you communicating on social media like a pro! Featuring TIME For Kids content, this 6-Pack of nonfiction readers includes detailed photos and sidebars, stimulating facts, and clear, informational text to engage students as they build their critical literacy skills. The Reader's Guide, Dig Deeper, and Try It! sections prompt students to connect back to the text, and provide extensive language-development activities that will develop critical thinking. The books include text features such as a table of contents, glossary, and an index to increase understanding and improve academic vocabulary. Aligned with state and national standards, this text prepares students for college and career. This 6-Pack includes six copies of this title and a lesson plan.
Publisher: Teacher Created Materials
ISBN: 1087689945
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 51
Book Description
It is estimated that 2 billion people use social media. With so many users, the language of social media makes it quick and easy for people to communicate. Learn more about the words, acronyms, GIFs, memes, and emoji that will have you communicating on social media like a pro! Featuring TIME For Kids content, this 6-Pack of nonfiction readers includes detailed photos and sidebars, stimulating facts, and clear, informational text to engage students as they build their critical literacy skills. The Reader's Guide, Dig Deeper, and Try It! sections prompt students to connect back to the text, and provide extensive language-development activities that will develop critical thinking. The books include text features such as a table of contents, glossary, and an index to increase understanding and improve academic vocabulary. Aligned with state and national standards, this text prepares students for college and career. This 6-Pack includes six copies of this title and a lesson plan.
Tech World: The Language of Social Media 6-Pack
Author:
Publisher: Teacher Created Materials
ISBN: 1425834183
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Languages : en
Pages : 51
Book Description
It is estimated that 2 billion people use social media. With so many users, the language of social media makes it quick and easy for people to communicate. Learn more about the words, acronyms, GIFs, memes, and emoji that will have you communicating on social media like a pro! Featuring TIME For Kids content, this 6-Pack of nonfiction readers includes detailed photos and sidebars, stimulating facts, and clear, informational text to engage students as they build their critical literacy skills. The Reader's Guide, Dig Deeper, and Try It! sections prompt students to connect back to the text, and provide extensive language-development activities that will develop critical thinking. The books include text features such as a table of contents, glossary, and an index to increase understanding and improve academic vocabulary. Aligned with state and national standards, this text prepares students for college and career. This 6-Pack includes six copies of this title and a lesson plan.
Publisher: Teacher Created Materials
ISBN: 1425834183
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Languages : en
Pages : 51
Book Description
It is estimated that 2 billion people use social media. With so many users, the language of social media makes it quick and easy for people to communicate. Learn more about the words, acronyms, GIFs, memes, and emoji that will have you communicating on social media like a pro! Featuring TIME For Kids content, this 6-Pack of nonfiction readers includes detailed photos and sidebars, stimulating facts, and clear, informational text to engage students as they build their critical literacy skills. The Reader's Guide, Dig Deeper, and Try It! sections prompt students to connect back to the text, and provide extensive language-development activities that will develop critical thinking. The books include text features such as a table of contents, glossary, and an index to increase understanding and improve academic vocabulary. Aligned with state and national standards, this text prepares students for college and career. This 6-Pack includes six copies of this title and a lesson plan.
How the World Changed Social Media
Author: Daniel Miller
Publisher: UCL Press
ISBN: 1910634484
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 288
Book Description
How the World Changed Social Media is the first book in Why We Post, a book series that investigates the findings of anthropologists who each spent 15 months living in communities across the world. This book offers a comparative analysis summarising the results of the research and explores the impact of social media on politics and gender, education and commerce. What is the result of the increased emphasis on visual communication? Are we becoming more individual or more social? Why is public social media so conservative? Why does equality online fail to shift inequality offline? How did memes become the moral police of the internet? Supported by an introduction to the project’s academic framework and theoretical terms that help to account for the findings, the book argues that the only way to appreciate and understand something as intimate and ubiquitous as social media is to be immersed in the lives of the people who post. Only then can we discover how people all around the world have already transformed social media in such unexpected ways and assess the consequences
Publisher: UCL Press
ISBN: 1910634484
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 288
Book Description
How the World Changed Social Media is the first book in Why We Post, a book series that investigates the findings of anthropologists who each spent 15 months living in communities across the world. This book offers a comparative analysis summarising the results of the research and explores the impact of social media on politics and gender, education and commerce. What is the result of the increased emphasis on visual communication? Are we becoming more individual or more social? Why is public social media so conservative? Why does equality online fail to shift inequality offline? How did memes become the moral police of the internet? Supported by an introduction to the project’s academic framework and theoretical terms that help to account for the findings, the book argues that the only way to appreciate and understand something as intimate and ubiquitous as social media is to be immersed in the lives of the people who post. Only then can we discover how people all around the world have already transformed social media in such unexpected ways and assess the consequences
Natural Language Processing for Social Media
Author: Atefeh Farzindar
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
ISBN: 1681736136
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 197
Book Description
In recent years, online social networking has revolutionized interpersonal communication. The newer research on language analysis in social media has been increasingly focusing on the latter's impact on our daily lives, both on a personal and a professional level. Natural language processing (NLP) is one of the most promising avenues for social media data processing. It is a scientific challenge to develop powerful methods and algorithms which extract relevant information from a large volume of data coming from multiple sources and languages in various formats or in free form. We discuss the challenges in analyzing social media texts in contrast with traditional documents. Research methods in information extraction, automatic categorization and clustering, automatic summarization and indexing, and statistical machine translation need to be adapted to a new kind of data. This book reviews the current research on NLP tools and methods for processing the non-traditional information from social media data that is available in large amounts (big data), and shows how innovative NLP approaches can integrate appropriate linguistic information in various fields such as social media monitoring, healthcare, business intelligence, industry, marketing, and security and defence. We review the existing evaluation metrics for NLP and social media applications, and the new efforts in evaluation campaigns or shared tasks on new datasets collected from social media. Such tasks are organized by the Association for Computational Linguistics (such as SemEval tasks) or by the National Institute of Standards and Technology via the Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) and the Text Analysis Conference (TAC). In the concluding chapter, we discuss the importance of this dynamic discipline and its great potential for NLP in the coming decade, in the context of changes in mobile technology, cloud computing, virtual reality, and social networking. In this second edition, we have added information about recent progress in the tasks and applications presented in the first edition. We discuss new methods and their results. The number of research projects and publications that use social media data is constantly increasing due to continuously growing amounts of social media data and the need to automatically process them. We have added 85 new references to the more than 300 references from the first edition. Besides updating each section, we have added a new application (digital marketing) to the section on media monitoring and we have augmented the section on healthcare applications with an extended discussion of recent research on detecting signs of mental illness from social media.
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
ISBN: 1681736136
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 197
Book Description
In recent years, online social networking has revolutionized interpersonal communication. The newer research on language analysis in social media has been increasingly focusing on the latter's impact on our daily lives, both on a personal and a professional level. Natural language processing (NLP) is one of the most promising avenues for social media data processing. It is a scientific challenge to develop powerful methods and algorithms which extract relevant information from a large volume of data coming from multiple sources and languages in various formats or in free form. We discuss the challenges in analyzing social media texts in contrast with traditional documents. Research methods in information extraction, automatic categorization and clustering, automatic summarization and indexing, and statistical machine translation need to be adapted to a new kind of data. This book reviews the current research on NLP tools and methods for processing the non-traditional information from social media data that is available in large amounts (big data), and shows how innovative NLP approaches can integrate appropriate linguistic information in various fields such as social media monitoring, healthcare, business intelligence, industry, marketing, and security and defence. We review the existing evaluation metrics for NLP and social media applications, and the new efforts in evaluation campaigns or shared tasks on new datasets collected from social media. Such tasks are organized by the Association for Computational Linguistics (such as SemEval tasks) or by the National Institute of Standards and Technology via the Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) and the Text Analysis Conference (TAC). In the concluding chapter, we discuss the importance of this dynamic discipline and its great potential for NLP in the coming decade, in the context of changes in mobile technology, cloud computing, virtual reality, and social networking. In this second edition, we have added information about recent progress in the tasks and applications presented in the first edition. We discuss new methods and their results. The number of research projects and publications that use social media data is constantly increasing due to continuously growing amounts of social media data and the need to automatically process them. We have added 85 new references to the more than 300 references from the first edition. Besides updating each section, we have added a new application (digital marketing) to the section on media monitoring and we have augmented the section on healthcare applications with an extended discussion of recent research on detecting signs of mental illness from social media.
Parenting In A Tech World
Author: Matt McKee
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780578917276
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 176
Book Description
How do you know when your child is ready for a smartphone? Which apps are the most dangerous for my 13-year-old? What do I do if I catch my child watching porn? How do I get to a place of trusting my kid with social media? How do I spot signs of trouble in my kid from their use of social media? These are questions parents ask every day - parents who are overwhelmed, fearful or ignorant about social media and technology. Parenting in a Tech World is for parents who don't know where to start with addressing the use of technology in their homes. Our book is a comprehensive resource that answers your questions, and provides you with a plan of action for developing a relationship between you, your child and technology. Our families have been adversely affected by technology, just like yours. Whether it's viewing inappropriate material or being unable to focus on anything else. We've felt the tension of needing to use technology and being concerned with what our kids might stumble into online. Also, our families have been positively affected by technology. Whether Facetiming with grandparents, chatting with friends who have moved away, or playing online games among siblings, we've benefitted from the connection that technology and social media can bring. Parenting in a Tech World addresses common tensions surrounding tech, and provides a valuable perspective on how technology can't be ignored, but must be taught to be used responsibly. We break down how to talk to kids about tech, and how to teach them boundaries on social media. With practical tips, real-world advice from fellow parents, and helpful exercises, we walk you through how to nurture a healthy relationship between your kid and technology by the time they leave your house. From hardware to new apps, to new users, to new features, we take a look at what you need to be mindful of when introducing anything to your family's online network. To fully equip you, we share impactful websites that provide tools you can use to inform yourself and develop a tech infrastructure for your family. Though technology isn't inherently good or bad, it can be used either way. Through the use of statistics, we show you what's going on with kids and tech. And we prove exactly how important it is to monitor your child's technology use. Parenting in a Tech World is your guide, from start through finish, to creating a healthy relationship with technology among your family members. The stakes for your child's wellbeing and safety are too high to gloss over the power technology has in our society. If you're looking for where to begin with managing technology in a healthy way, Parenting in a Tech World is that starting line.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780578917276
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 176
Book Description
How do you know when your child is ready for a smartphone? Which apps are the most dangerous for my 13-year-old? What do I do if I catch my child watching porn? How do I get to a place of trusting my kid with social media? How do I spot signs of trouble in my kid from their use of social media? These are questions parents ask every day - parents who are overwhelmed, fearful or ignorant about social media and technology. Parenting in a Tech World is for parents who don't know where to start with addressing the use of technology in their homes. Our book is a comprehensive resource that answers your questions, and provides you with a plan of action for developing a relationship between you, your child and technology. Our families have been adversely affected by technology, just like yours. Whether it's viewing inappropriate material or being unable to focus on anything else. We've felt the tension of needing to use technology and being concerned with what our kids might stumble into online. Also, our families have been positively affected by technology. Whether Facetiming with grandparents, chatting with friends who have moved away, or playing online games among siblings, we've benefitted from the connection that technology and social media can bring. Parenting in a Tech World addresses common tensions surrounding tech, and provides a valuable perspective on how technology can't be ignored, but must be taught to be used responsibly. We break down how to talk to kids about tech, and how to teach them boundaries on social media. With practical tips, real-world advice from fellow parents, and helpful exercises, we walk you through how to nurture a healthy relationship between your kid and technology by the time they leave your house. From hardware to new apps, to new users, to new features, we take a look at what you need to be mindful of when introducing anything to your family's online network. To fully equip you, we share impactful websites that provide tools you can use to inform yourself and develop a tech infrastructure for your family. Though technology isn't inherently good or bad, it can be used either way. Through the use of statistics, we show you what's going on with kids and tech. And we prove exactly how important it is to monitor your child's technology use. Parenting in a Tech World is your guide, from start through finish, to creating a healthy relationship with technology among your family members. The stakes for your child's wellbeing and safety are too high to gloss over the power technology has in our society. If you're looking for where to begin with managing technology in a healthy way, Parenting in a Tech World is that starting line.
Using Words and Things
Author: Mark Coeckelbergh
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1315528568
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 306
Book Description
This book offers a systematic framework for thinking about the relationship between language and technology and an argument for interweaving thinking about technology with thinking about language. The main claim of philosophy of technology—that technologies are not mere tools and artefacts not mere things, but crucially and significantly shape what we perceive, do, and are—is re-thought in a way that accounts for the role of language in human technological experiences and practices. Engaging with work by Wittgenstein, Heidegger, McLuhan, Searle, Ihde, Latour, Ricoeur, and many others, the author critically responds to, and constructs a synthesis of, three "extreme", idealtype, untenable positions: (1) only humans speak and neither language nor technologies speak, (2) only language speaks and neither humans nor technologies speak, and (3) only technology speaks and neither humans nor language speak. The construction of this synthesis goes hand in hand with a narrative about subjects and objects that become entangled and constitute one another. Using Words and Things thus draws in central discussions from other subdisciplines in philosophy, such as philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics, to offer an original theory of the relationship between language and (philosophy of) technology centered on use, performance, and narrative, and taking a transcendental turn.
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1315528568
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 306
Book Description
This book offers a systematic framework for thinking about the relationship between language and technology and an argument for interweaving thinking about technology with thinking about language. The main claim of philosophy of technology—that technologies are not mere tools and artefacts not mere things, but crucially and significantly shape what we perceive, do, and are—is re-thought in a way that accounts for the role of language in human technological experiences and practices. Engaging with work by Wittgenstein, Heidegger, McLuhan, Searle, Ihde, Latour, Ricoeur, and many others, the author critically responds to, and constructs a synthesis of, three "extreme", idealtype, untenable positions: (1) only humans speak and neither language nor technologies speak, (2) only language speaks and neither humans nor technologies speak, and (3) only technology speaks and neither humans nor language speak. The construction of this synthesis goes hand in hand with a narrative about subjects and objects that become entangled and constitute one another. Using Words and Things thus draws in central discussions from other subdisciplines in philosophy, such as philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics, to offer an original theory of the relationship between language and (philosophy of) technology centered on use, performance, and narrative, and taking a transcendental turn.
Writing in a Technological World
Author: Claire Lutkewitte
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 0429016042
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 441
Book Description
Writing in a Technological World explores how to think rhetorically, act multimodally, and be sensitive to diverse audiences while writing in technological contexts such as social media, websites, podcasts, and mobile technologies. Claire Lutkewitte includes a wealth of assignments, activities, and discussion questions to apply theory to practice in the development of writing skills. Featuring real-world examples from professionals who write using a wide range of technologies, each chapter provides practical suggestions for writing for a variety of purposes and a variety of audiences. By looking at technologies of the past to discover how meanings have evolved over time and applying the present technology to current working contexts, readers will be prepared to meet the writing and technological challenges of the future. This is the ideal text for undergraduate and graduate courses in composition, writing with technologies, and professional/business writing. A supplementary guide for instructors is available at www.routledge.com/9781138580985
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 0429016042
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 441
Book Description
Writing in a Technological World explores how to think rhetorically, act multimodally, and be sensitive to diverse audiences while writing in technological contexts such as social media, websites, podcasts, and mobile technologies. Claire Lutkewitte includes a wealth of assignments, activities, and discussion questions to apply theory to practice in the development of writing skills. Featuring real-world examples from professionals who write using a wide range of technologies, each chapter provides practical suggestions for writing for a variety of purposes and a variety of audiences. By looking at technologies of the past to discover how meanings have evolved over time and applying the present technology to current working contexts, readers will be prepared to meet the writing and technological challenges of the future. This is the ideal text for undergraduate and graduate courses in composition, writing with technologies, and professional/business writing. A supplementary guide for instructors is available at www.routledge.com/9781138580985
Because Internet
Author: Gretchen McCulloch
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 0735210942
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 337
Book Description
AN INSTANT NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER!! Named a Best Book of 2019 by TIME, Amazon, and The Washington Post A Wired Must-Read Book of Summer “Gretchen McCulloch is the internet’s favorite linguist, and this book is essential reading. Reading her work is like suddenly being able to see the matrix.” —Jonny Sun, author of everyone's a aliebn when ur a aliebn too Because Internet is for anyone who's ever puzzled over how to punctuate a text message or wondered where memes come from. It's the perfect book for understanding how the internet is changing the English language, why that's a good thing, and what our online interactions reveal about who we are. Language is humanity's most spectacular open-source project, and the internet is making our language change faster and in more interesting ways than ever before. Internet conversations are structured by the shape of our apps and platforms, from the grammar of status updates to the protocols of comments and @replies. Linguistically inventive online communities spread new slang and jargon with dizzying speed. What's more, social media is a vast laboratory of unedited, unfiltered words where we can watch language evolve in real time. Even the most absurd-looking slang has genuine patterns behind it. Internet linguist Gretchen McCulloch explores the deep forces that shape human language and influence the way we communicate with one another. She explains how your first social internet experience influences whether you prefer "LOL" or "lol," why ~sparkly tildes~ succeeded where centuries of proposals for irony punctuation had failed, what emoji have in common with physical gestures, and how the artfully disarrayed language of animal memes like lolcats and doggo made them more likely to spread.
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 0735210942
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 337
Book Description
AN INSTANT NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER!! Named a Best Book of 2019 by TIME, Amazon, and The Washington Post A Wired Must-Read Book of Summer “Gretchen McCulloch is the internet’s favorite linguist, and this book is essential reading. Reading her work is like suddenly being able to see the matrix.” —Jonny Sun, author of everyone's a aliebn when ur a aliebn too Because Internet is for anyone who's ever puzzled over how to punctuate a text message or wondered where memes come from. It's the perfect book for understanding how the internet is changing the English language, why that's a good thing, and what our online interactions reveal about who we are. Language is humanity's most spectacular open-source project, and the internet is making our language change faster and in more interesting ways than ever before. Internet conversations are structured by the shape of our apps and platforms, from the grammar of status updates to the protocols of comments and @replies. Linguistically inventive online communities spread new slang and jargon with dizzying speed. What's more, social media is a vast laboratory of unedited, unfiltered words where we can watch language evolve in real time. Even the most absurd-looking slang has genuine patterns behind it. Internet linguist Gretchen McCulloch explores the deep forces that shape human language and influence the way we communicate with one another. She explains how your first social internet experience influences whether you prefer "LOL" or "lol," why ~sparkly tildes~ succeeded where centuries of proposals for irony punctuation had failed, what emoji have in common with physical gestures, and how the artfully disarrayed language of animal memes like lolcats and doggo made them more likely to spread.
Young People and Social Media: Contemporary Children’s Digital Culture
Author: Steve Gennaro
Publisher: Vernon Press
ISBN: 1648893201
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 455
Book Description
‘Young People and Social Media: Contemporary Children’s Digital Culture’ explores the practices, relationships, consequences, benefits, and outcomes of children’s experiences with, on, and through social media by bringing together a vast array of different ideas about childhood, youth, and young people’s lives. These ideas are drawn from scholars working in a variety of disciplines, and rather than just describing the social construction of childhood or an understanding of children’s lives, this collection seeks to encapsulate not only how young people exist on social media but also how their physical lives are impacted by their presence on social media. One of the aims of this volume in exploring youth interaction with social media is to unpack the structuring of digital technologies in terms of how young people access the technology to use it as a means of communication, a platform for identification, and a tool for participation in their larger social world. During longstanding and continued experience in the broad field of youth and digital culture, we have come to realize that not only is the subject matter increasing in importance at an immeasurable rate, but the amount of textbooks and/or edited collections has lagged behind considerably. There is a lack of sources that fully encapsulate the canon of texts for the discipline or the rich diversity and complexity of overlapping subject areas that create the fertile ground for studying young people’s lives and culture. The editors hope that this text will occupy some of that void and act as a catalyst for future interdisciplinary collections. ‘Young People and Social Media: Contemporary Children’s Digital Culture’ will appeal to undergraduate students studying Child and Youth Studies and—given the interdisciplinary nature of the collection— scholars, researchers and students at all levels working in anthropology, psychology, sociology, communication studies, cultural studies, media studies, education, and human rights, among others. Practitioners in these fields will also find this collection of particular interest.
Publisher: Vernon Press
ISBN: 1648893201
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 455
Book Description
‘Young People and Social Media: Contemporary Children’s Digital Culture’ explores the practices, relationships, consequences, benefits, and outcomes of children’s experiences with, on, and through social media by bringing together a vast array of different ideas about childhood, youth, and young people’s lives. These ideas are drawn from scholars working in a variety of disciplines, and rather than just describing the social construction of childhood or an understanding of children’s lives, this collection seeks to encapsulate not only how young people exist on social media but also how their physical lives are impacted by their presence on social media. One of the aims of this volume in exploring youth interaction with social media is to unpack the structuring of digital technologies in terms of how young people access the technology to use it as a means of communication, a platform for identification, and a tool for participation in their larger social world. During longstanding and continued experience in the broad field of youth and digital culture, we have come to realize that not only is the subject matter increasing in importance at an immeasurable rate, but the amount of textbooks and/or edited collections has lagged behind considerably. There is a lack of sources that fully encapsulate the canon of texts for the discipline or the rich diversity and complexity of overlapping subject areas that create the fertile ground for studying young people’s lives and culture. The editors hope that this text will occupy some of that void and act as a catalyst for future interdisciplinary collections. ‘Young People and Social Media: Contemporary Children’s Digital Culture’ will appeal to undergraduate students studying Child and Youth Studies and—given the interdisciplinary nature of the collection— scholars, researchers and students at all levels working in anthropology, psychology, sociology, communication studies, cultural studies, media studies, education, and human rights, among others. Practitioners in these fields will also find this collection of particular interest.
The Language of Social Media
Author: P. Seargeant
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 1137029315
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 252
Book Description
This timely book examines language on social media sites including Facebook and Twitter. Studies from leading language researchers, and experts on social media, explore how social media is having an impact on how we relate to each other, the communities we live in, and the way we present a sense of self in twenty-first century society.
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 1137029315
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 252
Book Description
This timely book examines language on social media sites including Facebook and Twitter. Studies from leading language researchers, and experts on social media, explore how social media is having an impact on how we relate to each other, the communities we live in, and the way we present a sense of self in twenty-first century society.