Author: Kristin Surak
Publisher: Stanford University Press
ISBN: 0804784795
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
The tea ceremony persists as one of the most evocative symbols of Japan. Originally a pastime of elite warriors in premodern society, it was later recast as an emblem of the modern Japanese state, only to be transformed again into its current incarnation, largely the hobby of middle-class housewives. How does the cultural practice of a few come to represent a nation as a whole? Although few non-Japanese scholars have peered behind the walls of a tea room, sociologist Kristin Surak came to know the inner workings of the tea world over the course of ten years of tea training. Here she offers the first comprehensive analysis of the practice that includes new material on its historical changes, a detailed excavation of its institutional organization, and a careful examination of what she terms "nation-work"—the labor that connects the national meanings of a cultural practice and the actual experience and enactment of it. She concludes by placing tea ceremony in comparative perspective, drawing on other expressions of nation-work, such as gymnastics and music, in Europe and Asia. Taking readers on a rare journey into the elusive world of tea ceremony, Surak offers an insightful account of the fundamental processes of modernity—the work of making nations.
Making Tea, Making Japan
Author: Kristin Surak
Publisher: Stanford University Press
ISBN: 0804784795
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
The tea ceremony persists as one of the most evocative symbols of Japan. Originally a pastime of elite warriors in premodern society, it was later recast as an emblem of the modern Japanese state, only to be transformed again into its current incarnation, largely the hobby of middle-class housewives. How does the cultural practice of a few come to represent a nation as a whole? Although few non-Japanese scholars have peered behind the walls of a tea room, sociologist Kristin Surak came to know the inner workings of the tea world over the course of ten years of tea training. Here she offers the first comprehensive analysis of the practice that includes new material on its historical changes, a detailed excavation of its institutional organization, and a careful examination of what she terms "nation-work"—the labor that connects the national meanings of a cultural practice and the actual experience and enactment of it. She concludes by placing tea ceremony in comparative perspective, drawing on other expressions of nation-work, such as gymnastics and music, in Europe and Asia. Taking readers on a rare journey into the elusive world of tea ceremony, Surak offers an insightful account of the fundamental processes of modernity—the work of making nations.
Publisher: Stanford University Press
ISBN: 0804784795
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
The tea ceremony persists as one of the most evocative symbols of Japan. Originally a pastime of elite warriors in premodern society, it was later recast as an emblem of the modern Japanese state, only to be transformed again into its current incarnation, largely the hobby of middle-class housewives. How does the cultural practice of a few come to represent a nation as a whole? Although few non-Japanese scholars have peered behind the walls of a tea room, sociologist Kristin Surak came to know the inner workings of the tea world over the course of ten years of tea training. Here she offers the first comprehensive analysis of the practice that includes new material on its historical changes, a detailed excavation of its institutional organization, and a careful examination of what she terms "nation-work"—the labor that connects the national meanings of a cultural practice and the actual experience and enactment of it. She concludes by placing tea ceremony in comparative perspective, drawing on other expressions of nation-work, such as gymnastics and music, in Europe and Asia. Taking readers on a rare journey into the elusive world of tea ceremony, Surak offers an insightful account of the fundamental processes of modernity—the work of making nations.
Tea Stories: Japan
Author: Ausra Burg
Publisher:
ISBN: 9786098232233
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 176
Book Description
A unique exploration of Japanese tea culture, featuring the personal narratives of individuals whose lives are deeply rooted in the world of tea. Tea Stories: Japan is a unique exploration of tea culture in Japan, documenting personal narratives of individuals whose lives are deeply rooted in the world of tea. It captures an esoteric aspect of Japanese tea that is not readily discovered. Interest in Japanese tea and tea culture has grown considerably in recent years, and although Japan is known throughout the world for its long-standing traditions and ritualized customs, there are still many aspects of tea culture that little is known about. Stories include the experiences and daily lives of individuals, mostly based around the Kyoto and Shizuoka prefectures, which are both important regions for tea production. Included in the various aspects of the tea industry is the farmer who looks after the tea bushes and harvests the tea, the factory worker who processes the leaves, several highly skilled artisans in ceramics and a wagashi sweet maker. Information and imagery, photography and illustrations highlight details on Japanese tea ware, the evolution and uses, rare Japanese types and regional specialty teas, and various schools of the Japanese tea ceremony. Modern uses of tea are explored, including tea recipes. This book provides an insight into how tea is an integral part of life in Japan, providing an intimate examination of customs and processes. This book will appeal to readers who have an interest in Japan and its culture and to those curious about specialty tea--whether they know very little about Japanese tea and want to learn more or would like to dig deeper into the subject.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9786098232233
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 176
Book Description
A unique exploration of Japanese tea culture, featuring the personal narratives of individuals whose lives are deeply rooted in the world of tea. Tea Stories: Japan is a unique exploration of tea culture in Japan, documenting personal narratives of individuals whose lives are deeply rooted in the world of tea. It captures an esoteric aspect of Japanese tea that is not readily discovered. Interest in Japanese tea and tea culture has grown considerably in recent years, and although Japan is known throughout the world for its long-standing traditions and ritualized customs, there are still many aspects of tea culture that little is known about. Stories include the experiences and daily lives of individuals, mostly based around the Kyoto and Shizuoka prefectures, which are both important regions for tea production. Included in the various aspects of the tea industry is the farmer who looks after the tea bushes and harvests the tea, the factory worker who processes the leaves, several highly skilled artisans in ceramics and a wagashi sweet maker. Information and imagery, photography and illustrations highlight details on Japanese tea ware, the evolution and uses, rare Japanese types and regional specialty teas, and various schools of the Japanese tea ceremony. Modern uses of tea are explored, including tea recipes. This book provides an insight into how tea is an integral part of life in Japan, providing an intimate examination of customs and processes. This book will appeal to readers who have an interest in Japan and its culture and to those curious about specialty tea--whether they know very little about Japanese tea and want to learn more or would like to dig deeper into the subject.
Tea Culture of Japan
Author: Sadako Ohki
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 116
Book Description
Examines the importance of Japanese tea culture and the ways in which it has evolved over the centuries, with photographs and detailed explanations of the Tea Culture of Japan exhibit organized by the Yale University Art Gallery.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 116
Book Description
Examines the importance of Japanese tea culture and the ways in which it has evolved over the centuries, with photographs and detailed explanations of the Tea Culture of Japan exhibit organized by the Yale University Art Gallery.
Stories of Japanese Tea
Author: Zach Mangan
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781648960079
Category : Cooking
Languages : en
Pages : 160
Book Description
Explore the artistry of Japanese tea from cultivation to cup in this comprehensive illustrated guide to the tea industry that includes the Japanese growers, their craft of tea making, and how the tradition of tea has had an influence on cuisine, art, and health. This visual exploration of one of the world's most popular beverages tells the stories of tea and tea making in Japan: how it is grown, harvested, and processed, as well as how it is prepared and enjoyed. Through interviews with tea growers, information on health benefits from Dr. Andrew Weil, and amazing recipes from (Japanese chefs and mixologists), including Michelin-starred chef Hayashi Hirohisa and pastry chef Yoshie Shirakawa, you will discover all there is to know about Japanese tea. This perfect gift for tea lovers shares the stories of tea from its origins to the present, packaged in a beautiful photographic book shot and compiled by Zach Mangan, the founder of Kettl, a New York City- and Fukuoka, Japan-based tea and teaware company.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781648960079
Category : Cooking
Languages : en
Pages : 160
Book Description
Explore the artistry of Japanese tea from cultivation to cup in this comprehensive illustrated guide to the tea industry that includes the Japanese growers, their craft of tea making, and how the tradition of tea has had an influence on cuisine, art, and health. This visual exploration of one of the world's most popular beverages tells the stories of tea and tea making in Japan: how it is grown, harvested, and processed, as well as how it is prepared and enjoyed. Through interviews with tea growers, information on health benefits from Dr. Andrew Weil, and amazing recipes from (Japanese chefs and mixologists), including Michelin-starred chef Hayashi Hirohisa and pastry chef Yoshie Shirakawa, you will discover all there is to know about Japanese tea. This perfect gift for tea lovers shares the stories of tea from its origins to the present, packaged in a beautiful photographic book shot and compiled by Zach Mangan, the founder of Kettl, a New York City- and Fukuoka, Japan-based tea and teaware company.
Tea in Japan
Author: Paul Varley
Publisher: University of Hawaii Press
ISBN: 9780824817176
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 304
Book Description
"Represents a major advance over previous publications.... Students will find this volume especially useful as an introduction to the primary sources, terminology, and dominant themes in the history of chanoyu." --Journal of Japanese Studies "Tea in Japan illuminates in depth and detail chanoyu's cultural connections and evolution from the early Kamakura period... It is the quality of seeing the familiar and not so familiar elements of tea emerge as a dynamic saga of human invention and cultural intervention that makes this book exhilarating and the details that the authors provide that make these essays fascinating." --Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese
Publisher: University of Hawaii Press
ISBN: 9780824817176
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 304
Book Description
"Represents a major advance over previous publications.... Students will find this volume especially useful as an introduction to the primary sources, terminology, and dominant themes in the history of chanoyu." --Journal of Japanese Studies "Tea in Japan illuminates in depth and detail chanoyu's cultural connections and evolution from the early Kamakura period... It is the quality of seeing the familiar and not so familiar elements of tea emerge as a dynamic saga of human invention and cultural intervention that makes this book exhilarating and the details that the authors provide that make these essays fascinating." --Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese
A Beginner's Guide to Japanese Tea
Author: Per Oscar Brekell
Publisher: Tuttle Publishing
ISBN: 1462922562
Category : Cooking
Languages : en
Pages : 133
Book Description
Do you know the difference between a bancha and a hojicha? How to brew the perfect matcha? With this book you will! Japanese tea expert Per Oscar Brekell is one of the few foreigners to complete the difficult training in Japan as a tea instructor. Now, with this book, he shares the secrets and insights he's gleaned from a career dedicated to promoting and preparing this ancient beverage. Combining a practical approach with in-depth knowledge and a keen eye for the healthful benefits of tea, this visual guide will help you understand everything from how tea is picked and processed to the physical and mental health benefits that come from drinking it. Through stunning color photos and engaging information from Brekell, readers of this book will get: A guided tour of Japan's main tea-growing regions, from Uji/Kyoto to Shizuoka and Kagoshima, and a journey from leaf to cup An introduction to top-grade premium and single-estate Japanese teas like yabukita, koshun, yamakai, sofu and asatsuyu A detailed guide to brewing Japanese teas to enhance their flavor and to highlight their healthful properties An in-depth look at traditional Japanese teapots and teacups A curated selection of teas suitable for home brewing and serving in various situations Every tea lover will find something to savor in this comprehensive introduction to the incredible world of Japanese teas.
Publisher: Tuttle Publishing
ISBN: 1462922562
Category : Cooking
Languages : en
Pages : 133
Book Description
Do you know the difference between a bancha and a hojicha? How to brew the perfect matcha? With this book you will! Japanese tea expert Per Oscar Brekell is one of the few foreigners to complete the difficult training in Japan as a tea instructor. Now, with this book, he shares the secrets and insights he's gleaned from a career dedicated to promoting and preparing this ancient beverage. Combining a practical approach with in-depth knowledge and a keen eye for the healthful benefits of tea, this visual guide will help you understand everything from how tea is picked and processed to the physical and mental health benefits that come from drinking it. Through stunning color photos and engaging information from Brekell, readers of this book will get: A guided tour of Japan's main tea-growing regions, from Uji/Kyoto to Shizuoka and Kagoshima, and a journey from leaf to cup An introduction to top-grade premium and single-estate Japanese teas like yabukita, koshun, yamakai, sofu and asatsuyu A detailed guide to brewing Japanese teas to enhance their flavor and to highlight their healthful properties An in-depth look at traditional Japanese teapots and teacups A curated selection of teas suitable for home brewing and serving in various situations Every tea lover will find something to savor in this comprehensive introduction to the incredible world of Japanese teas.
The Story of Japanese Tea
Author: Tyas Sōsen
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781704715674
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 218
Book Description
The material for this book has accumulated over twelve years of active practice in Japan's rite of tea of which the author has received full instructorship; two years of full-time employment at a traditional tea vendor in the heart of Uji, during which he studied for and passed the examination of the Nihoncha Instructor Association and received certification as accredited instructor; regular meetings with, and tea farm visits at the properties of skilled artisan tea manufacturers, encounters that have provided much insight in subjects as the struggles of tea farmers, the reality behind the manufacturing of tea, and the workings of the industry as a whole. In addition, for the past four years, the author has devoted his life to discovering the essence of tea through curating a special selection of tea, repeatedly talking to and interviewing tea manufacturers, gathering insider information about the industry, etc. in order to truthfully and openly make this information available internationally. The discoveries made, and the information gathered during such interactions is what constitutes the foundation for the material presented in this book, and it is with the wish to objectively portray what Japanese tea at its core and in essence is that this book has been brought to life.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781704715674
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 218
Book Description
The material for this book has accumulated over twelve years of active practice in Japan's rite of tea of which the author has received full instructorship; two years of full-time employment at a traditional tea vendor in the heart of Uji, during which he studied for and passed the examination of the Nihoncha Instructor Association and received certification as accredited instructor; regular meetings with, and tea farm visits at the properties of skilled artisan tea manufacturers, encounters that have provided much insight in subjects as the struggles of tea farmers, the reality behind the manufacturing of tea, and the workings of the industry as a whole. In addition, for the past four years, the author has devoted his life to discovering the essence of tea through curating a special selection of tea, repeatedly talking to and interviewing tea manufacturers, gathering insider information about the industry, etc. in order to truthfully and openly make this information available internationally. The discoveries made, and the information gathered during such interactions is what constitutes the foundation for the material presented in this book, and it is with the wish to objectively portray what Japanese tea at its core and in essence is that this book has been brought to life.
Tea of the Sages
Author: Patricia J. Graham
Publisher: University of Hawaii Press
ISBN: 0824820878
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 284
Book Description
The Japanese tea ceremony is generally identified with chanoyu and its bowls of whipped, powdered green tea served in surroundings influenced by the tenets of Zen Buddhism. Tea of the Sages is the first English language study of the alternate tea tradition of sencha. At sencha tea gatherings, steeped green leaf tea is prepared in an atmosphere indebted to the humanistic values of the Chinese sages and the materialistic culture of elite Chinese society during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Although sencha once surpassed chanoyu in popularity, it is now overshadowed by chanoyu, despite the existence of more than a hundred sencha schools throughout Japan. This exceptionally well-illustrated volume explores sencha's philosophy and arts from the seventeenth century to the present. Introduced by Chinese merchants and scholar-monks, sencha first gained favor in Japan among devotees of the Chinese literati. By the early nineteenth century, it had become popular with a wide spectrum of urban and rural residents. Some took up sencha as a subversive activity in opposition to the mandated protocol of chanoyu. Others enjoyed sencha because of its connections with elite Chinese culture, knowledge of which indicated intellectual and cultural refinement. Still others relished it simply as a fine tasting beverage. Sencha inspired painters and poets and fostered major advances within craft industries from ceramics to metalwork and basketry. Sencha aficionados, many of whom became serious connoisseurs of Chinese art and antiquities, hosted some of the earliest public art exhibitions. Tea of the Sages opens with a chronological overview of tea in China and its transmission to Japan before situating sencha within the rich milieu of Chinese material culture available in early modern Japan. Subsequent chapters outline the multifaceted history of the formalization of the sencha tea ceremony, drawing upon sources such as treatises and less formal writings as well as analysis of tea gathering records, utensils and their prescribed arrangements, paintings, prints, and sencha architecture.
Publisher: University of Hawaii Press
ISBN: 0824820878
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 284
Book Description
The Japanese tea ceremony is generally identified with chanoyu and its bowls of whipped, powdered green tea served in surroundings influenced by the tenets of Zen Buddhism. Tea of the Sages is the first English language study of the alternate tea tradition of sencha. At sencha tea gatherings, steeped green leaf tea is prepared in an atmosphere indebted to the humanistic values of the Chinese sages and the materialistic culture of elite Chinese society during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Although sencha once surpassed chanoyu in popularity, it is now overshadowed by chanoyu, despite the existence of more than a hundred sencha schools throughout Japan. This exceptionally well-illustrated volume explores sencha's philosophy and arts from the seventeenth century to the present. Introduced by Chinese merchants and scholar-monks, sencha first gained favor in Japan among devotees of the Chinese literati. By the early nineteenth century, it had become popular with a wide spectrum of urban and rural residents. Some took up sencha as a subversive activity in opposition to the mandated protocol of chanoyu. Others enjoyed sencha because of its connections with elite Chinese culture, knowledge of which indicated intellectual and cultural refinement. Still others relished it simply as a fine tasting beverage. Sencha inspired painters and poets and fostered major advances within craft industries from ceramics to metalwork and basketry. Sencha aficionados, many of whom became serious connoisseurs of Chinese art and antiquities, hosted some of the earliest public art exhibitions. Tea of the Sages opens with a chronological overview of tea in China and its transmission to Japan before situating sencha within the rich milieu of Chinese material culture available in early modern Japan. Subsequent chapters outline the multifaceted history of the formalization of the sencha tea ceremony, drawing upon sources such as treatises and less formal writings as well as analysis of tea gathering records, utensils and their prescribed arrangements, paintings, prints, and sencha architecture.
Green with Milk and Sugar
Author: Robert Hellyer
Publisher: Columbia University Press
ISBN: 0231552947
Category : Cooking
Languages : en
Pages : 187
Book Description
Today, Americans are some of the world’s biggest consumers of black teas; in Japan, green tea, especially sencha, is preferred. These national partialities, Robert Hellyer reveals, are deeply entwined. Tracing the transpacific tea trade from the eighteenth century onward, Green with Milk and Sugar shows how interconnections between Japan and the United States have influenced the daily habits of people in both countries. Hellyer explores the forgotten American penchant for Japanese green tea and how it shaped Japanese tastes. In the nineteenth century, Americans favored green teas, which were imported from China until Japan developed an export industry centered on the United States. The influx of Japanese imports democratized green tea: Americans of all classes, particularly Midwesterners, made it their daily beverage—which they drank hot, often with milk and sugar. In the 1920s, socioeconomic trends and racial prejudices pushed Americans toward black teas from Ceylon and India. Facing a glut, Japanese merchants aggressively marketed sencha on their home and imperial markets, transforming it into an icon of Japanese culture. Featuring lively stories of the people involved in the tea trade—including samurai turned tea farmers and Hellyer’s own ancestors—Green with Milk and Sugar offers not only a social and commodity history of tea in the United States and Japan but also new insights into how national customs have profound if often hidden international dimensions.
Publisher: Columbia University Press
ISBN: 0231552947
Category : Cooking
Languages : en
Pages : 187
Book Description
Today, Americans are some of the world’s biggest consumers of black teas; in Japan, green tea, especially sencha, is preferred. These national partialities, Robert Hellyer reveals, are deeply entwined. Tracing the transpacific tea trade from the eighteenth century onward, Green with Milk and Sugar shows how interconnections between Japan and the United States have influenced the daily habits of people in both countries. Hellyer explores the forgotten American penchant for Japanese green tea and how it shaped Japanese tastes. In the nineteenth century, Americans favored green teas, which were imported from China until Japan developed an export industry centered on the United States. The influx of Japanese imports democratized green tea: Americans of all classes, particularly Midwesterners, made it their daily beverage—which they drank hot, often with milk and sugar. In the 1920s, socioeconomic trends and racial prejudices pushed Americans toward black teas from Ceylon and India. Facing a glut, Japanese merchants aggressively marketed sencha on their home and imperial markets, transforming it into an icon of Japanese culture. Featuring lively stories of the people involved in the tea trade—including samurai turned tea farmers and Hellyer’s own ancestors—Green with Milk and Sugar offers not only a social and commodity history of tea in the United States and Japan but also new insights into how national customs have profound if often hidden international dimensions.
Cultivating Femininity
Author: Rebecca Corbett
Publisher: University of Hawaii Press
ISBN: 082487840X
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 205
Book Description
The overwhelming majority of tea practitioners in contemporary Japan are women, but there has been little discussion on their historical role in tea culture (chanoyu). In Cultivating Femininity, Rebecca Corbett writes women back into this history and shows how tea practice for women was understood, articulated, and promoted in the Edo (1603–1868) and Meiji (1868–1912) periods. Viewing chanoyu from the lens of feminist and gender theory, she sheds new light on tea’s undeniable influence on the formation of modern understandings of femininity in Japan. Corbett overturns the iemoto tea school’s carefully constructed orthodox narrative by employing underused primary sources and closely examining existing tea histories. She incorporates Pierre Bourdieu’s theories of social and cultural capital and Norbert Elias’s “civilizing process” to explore the economic and social incentives for women taking part in chanoyu. Although the iemoto system sought to increase its control over every aspect of tea, including book production, eighteenth- and nineteenth-century popular texts aimed specifically at women evidence the spread of tea culture beyond parameters set by the schools. The expansion of chanoyu to new social groups cascaded from commoner men to elite then commoner women. Shifting the focus away from male tea masters complicates the history of tea in Japan and shows how women of different social backgrounds worked within and without traditionally accepted paradigms of tea practice. The direct socioeconomic impact of the spread of tea is ultimately revealed in subsequent advances in women’s labor opportunities and an increase in female social mobility. Through their participation in chanoyu, commoner women were able to blur and lessen the status gap between themselves and women of aristocratic and samurai status. Cultivating Femininity offers a new perspective on the prevalence of tea practice among women in modern Japan. It presents a fresh, much-needed approach, one that will be appreciated by students and scholars of Japanese history, gender, and culture, as well as by tea practitioners. An electronic version of this book is freely available thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched, a collaborative initiative designed to make high-quality books open access for the public good. The open-access version of this book is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which means that the work may be freely downloaded and shared for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. Derivative works and commercial uses require permission from the publisher.
Publisher: University of Hawaii Press
ISBN: 082487840X
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 205
Book Description
The overwhelming majority of tea practitioners in contemporary Japan are women, but there has been little discussion on their historical role in tea culture (chanoyu). In Cultivating Femininity, Rebecca Corbett writes women back into this history and shows how tea practice for women was understood, articulated, and promoted in the Edo (1603–1868) and Meiji (1868–1912) periods. Viewing chanoyu from the lens of feminist and gender theory, she sheds new light on tea’s undeniable influence on the formation of modern understandings of femininity in Japan. Corbett overturns the iemoto tea school’s carefully constructed orthodox narrative by employing underused primary sources and closely examining existing tea histories. She incorporates Pierre Bourdieu’s theories of social and cultural capital and Norbert Elias’s “civilizing process” to explore the economic and social incentives for women taking part in chanoyu. Although the iemoto system sought to increase its control over every aspect of tea, including book production, eighteenth- and nineteenth-century popular texts aimed specifically at women evidence the spread of tea culture beyond parameters set by the schools. The expansion of chanoyu to new social groups cascaded from commoner men to elite then commoner women. Shifting the focus away from male tea masters complicates the history of tea in Japan and shows how women of different social backgrounds worked within and without traditionally accepted paradigms of tea practice. The direct socioeconomic impact of the spread of tea is ultimately revealed in subsequent advances in women’s labor opportunities and an increase in female social mobility. Through their participation in chanoyu, commoner women were able to blur and lessen the status gap between themselves and women of aristocratic and samurai status. Cultivating Femininity offers a new perspective on the prevalence of tea practice among women in modern Japan. It presents a fresh, much-needed approach, one that will be appreciated by students and scholars of Japanese history, gender, and culture, as well as by tea practitioners. An electronic version of this book is freely available thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched, a collaborative initiative designed to make high-quality books open access for the public good. The open-access version of this book is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which means that the work may be freely downloaded and shared for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. Derivative works and commercial uses require permission from the publisher.