Taxonomic Revision of the Jumping Goblin Spiders of the Genus Orchestina Simon, 1882, in the Americas (Araneae, Oonopidae). (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 410) PDF Download

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Languages : en
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Author: Matías Andrés Izquierdo
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Languages : de
Pages : 0

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Author: Matías A. Izquierdo
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Category : Oonopidae
Languages : en
Pages : 362

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The genus Orchestina Simon is distributed worldwide and is characterized by having an enlarged fourth femur with which these species are capable of jumping. The genus is also characterized by having a well-sclerotized sperm duct, a near H-shaped arrangement of the eye group, a 4-4-3-3 pattern of raised receptors on the tarsal organs of the legs I-IV, respectively, and by lacking spines on all the legs. All these characters, together with molecular evidence, support the monophyly of the genus, as well as its placement as sister group of Oonopinae. Most American species of Orchestina inhabit the forest foliage and canopy, but in unforested areas they also occur in shrubs and grasses. In this work, we revise the American representatives of Orchestina in a comprehensive context for the first time. In the past, six species were known from the Americas: five from the United States and only one from South America, described from Venezuela. After the study of the principal collections of the world and several field trips to several South American countries, we describe 85 new species and redescribe all previously known species. Matching sexes was occasionally problematic; while females are very homogeneous in somatic traits, males may have modifications on different parts of the body, making the matching very difficult. Therefore, in this review 56 of the species are described from only one sex, whereas 20 unmatched species are informally described as morphospecies, pending the discovery of conspecific sexes. Two species, O. pavesiiformis Saaristo and O. dentifera Simon, originally known from Israel and Sri Lanka, respectively, are here reported as introduced in several countries in the Americas and other continents. O. justini Saaristo described from the Seychelles is here considered a synonym of O. dentifera. One species, O. truncata Wunderlich, previously known as a subfossil spider from Colombian copal is here tentatively redescribed based on recent material from Costa Rica, Colombia, and Ecuador; the female is also described for the first time. The species list by country is as follows (numbers refer to records, independently of the locality of the type material): United States (9 species: O. utahana Chamberlin and Ivie, O. moaba Chamberlin and Ivie, O. obscura Chamberlin and Ivie, O. saltitans Banks, O. nadleri Chickering, the introduced O. pavesiiformis Saaristo, and three new species, O. quasimodo, O. kamehameha, and O. auburndalensis); Mexico (3 species: O. utahana Chamberlin and Ivie, and two new species, O. nahuatl and O. chaparrita); Guatemala (1 new species: O. guatemala); Costa Rica (3 new species: O. laselva, O. griswoldi, and O. chiriqui; and the previously known O. truncata Wunderlich); Panama (5 new species: O. chiriqui, O. labarquei, O. pan, O. campana, and O. galapagos); Jamaica (2 species, the introduced O. dentifera Simon and O. galapagos); Haiti and Dominican Republic (only the introduced O. dentifera Simon); Colombia (6 new species: O. filandia, O. zingara, O. arboleda, O. cali, O. platnicki, O. pakitza; and O. truncata Wunderlich, plus the morphospecies OMI020 and OMI038); Venezuela (7 species: O. saltabunda; and 6 new, O. venezuela, O. aragua, O. bolivar, O. maracay, O. ranchogrande, and O. neblina); Trinidad and Tobago (1 new species: O. kairi); Guyana (1 morphospecies: OMI026); Ecuador (18 new species: O. galapagos, O. fernandina, O. erwini, O. ecuatoriensis, O. sotoi, O. magna, O. shuar, O. golem, O. waorani, O. tzantza, O. predator, O. goblin, O. yanayacu, O. otonga, O. santodomingo, O. quijos, O. mayo, O. laselva, and O. truncata Wunderlich, plus the morphospecies OMI020, OMI021, OMI022, OMI023, OMI024, OMI025, OMI026, OMI027, OMI029, OMI036, and OMI038); Peru (9 new species: O. cajamarca, O. comaina, O. atocongo, O. mancocapac, O. silvae, O. madrededios, O. pakitza, O. losamigos, O. golem, and the morphospecies OMI020, OMI023, OMI026, and OMI030); Brazil (25 new species: O. cristinae, O. coari, O. moura, O. valquiria, O. aproeste, O. caxiuana, O. para, O. taruma, O. retiro, O. divisor, O. juruti, O. platnicki, O. iemanja, O. bonaldoi, O. rapaz, O. itapety, O. catarina, O. leon, O. saudade, O. sarava, O. goblin, O. sotoi, O. golem, O. waorani, O. ucumar, the introduced O. pavesiiformis Saaristo, and O. dentifera Simon, plus the morphospecies OMI021, OMI023, OMI024, OMI025, OMI026, OMI027, OMI029, OMI032, OMI033, OMI034, OMI035, OMI036, OMI037, OMI039, and OMI040); Bolivia (3 new species: O. moyuchi, O. grismadoi, and O. ucumar); Chile (12 new species: O. pandeazucar, O. caleta, O. totoralillo, O. pizarroi, O. molles, O. granizo, O. quenies, O. curico, O. cachai, O. nahuelbuta, O. jaiba, and O. osorno); and Argentina (6 new species: O. ucumar, O. andianavarroi, O. luispi, O. cristinae, O. platnicki, O. jaiba, and the introduced O. pavesiiformis Saaristo). Although the internal relationships of the genus are still not clear, we suggest some groups of species based on morphological characters and geographic distributions. Species from the western United States share the presence of a net-shaped pattern of coloration and, in some species, modifications of carapace or first legs of males. Females of this group are characterized by the presence of a thin, generally long and twisted anterior receptaculum and external pockets on the epigastric region. This group inhabits in a geographic region that remained isolated during the late Cretaceous and is still isolated by geographic and climatic conditions. Species groups in South American members were more difficult to establish, given their wide diversity. However, some species are unique in having internal pockets in female genitalia and apophyses on the male copulatory bulb. The Chilean species are probably a monophyletic group; they are separated from the rest by the combined presence of external pockets and ridges on the epigastric region of female, whereas males are very similar in the morphology of copulatory bulb, which is very simple, with long embolus and sometimes with additional spine-shaped apophysis. This group may have experienced events of isolation during and after the elevation of the Andes range. As in other members of the family the genus is interesting for the presence of secondary sexual characters in males whereas females are practically homogenous in somatic characters. However, female genital morphology is variable, which may suggest a coevolution with somatic characters in males and probably mechanical interactions. Although this work reveals the incredible diversity of this genus, many important geographic regions remain undersampled and records for some countries are entirely lacking.

Author: Wouter Fannes
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Category : Antoonops
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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The goblin spider genus Zyngoonops Benoit, 1977 is revised. The type and hitherto only species, Z. clandestinus Benoit from the Democratic Republic of Congo (D.R.C.), is redescribed on the basis of topotypical material. Nine new species are described from the D.R.C. (Z. moffetti, Z. redii, Z. goedaerti, Z. rockoxi, Z. beatriceae, Z. chambersi, Z. swammerdami, Z. marki) and the Central African Republic (Z. walcotti). Members of Zyngoonops show remarkable modifications of the sternum and pedicel tube: the sternum has two heavily sclerotized posterior extensions, and the pedicel tube has a protruding ventral lip. The female genitalia are complex, consisting of an epigastric scape, two uterine sclerites, and a long genital duct. In most species, the distal part of the duct is highly coiled. Males resemble those of Antoonops Fannes and Jocqué and Coxapopha Platnick in having elaborately modified endites, a pair of pleural flaps, and a carapace with extended anterolateral corners. The type species of Coxapopha is redescribed, and new images of the female genitalia of Antoonops and Coxapopha are provided. A cladistic analysis of morphological characters provides support for the monophyly of Zyngoonops and identifies Z. redii as the most basal species of the genus.

Author: Norman I. Platnick
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Category : Australoonops
Languages : en
Pages : 111

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The goblin spider genus Stenoonops Simon is relimited to include those spineless oonopids with a soft abdomen but a well-sclerotized cephalothorax, elevated and pointed sternal extensions separated by distinct grooves, and a dorsal, distal clump of short setae on the male and female palpal tarsi. Most of the 19 species currently assigned to Stenoonops belong elsewhere; the 14 misplaced species include members of six other genera. As relimited, Stenoonops comprises 23 species and is circum-Caribbean in distribution. The Mediterranean type species of Oonopinus Simon, O. angustatus (Simon), is poorly known, but none of the New World taxa that have been placed in Oonopinus are actually congeneric with O. angustatus. Oonopinus pretiosus Bryant is transferred to Stenoonops; O. centralis Gertsch and O. modestus Chickering are transferred to Theotima (Ochyroceratidae). The genus Scaphioides Bryant is removed from the synonymy of Stenoonops; S. minutus Chamberlin and Ivie from Florida, S. reductus (Bryant) and S. nitens Bryant from the Virgin Islands, S. cletus Chickering and S. hoffi Chickering from Jamaica, S. phonetus Chickering and S. econotus Chickering from Puerto Rico, and S. halatus Chickering from Antigua are transferred from Stenoonops to Scaphioides. Members of two other genera resemble those of Stenoonops but lack distinct grooves between the sternal projections. In the new genus Longoonops, also circum-Caribbean, the posterior median eyes are elongated and color patterns often occur on the abdomen or legs; Stenoonops padiscus Chickering, from Jamaica, is transferred to Longoonops. In Australoonops Hewitt, the seam between the male palpal bulb and cymbium has been lost; females of the type species, A. granulatus Hewitt from South Africa, are described for the first time. New species are described in all three genera, including 17 species of Stenoonops (S. peckorum from Florida, S. alazan and S. cabo from Mexico, S. belmopan from Belize, S. murphyorum from Costa Rica, S. canita from Panama, S. tayrona and S. kochalkai from Colombia and Venezuela, S. bimini from the Bahama Islands, S. mandeville from Jamaica, S. jara from Hispaniola, S. luquillo from Puerto Rico, S.saintjohn, S. tortola, and S. exgord from the Virgin Islands, S. saba from Saba Island, and S. simla from Trinidad), three species of Longoonops (L. bicolor from Nicaragua and Costa Rica, L. chickeringi from Panama, and L. gorda from the Virgin Islands), and two species of Australoonops (A. skaife and A. haddadi from South Africa and Mozambique).

Author: author 1
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ISBN: 9781776707270
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Languages : en
Pages : 152

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"Abstract: The goblin spider genus Cinetomorpha Simon is removed from the synonymy of Gamasomorpha Karsch and treated as the senior synonym of Yumates Chamberlin and Lucetia Dumitresco & Georgesco. All 41 species occur only in the New World, and the genus is divided into four species groups: the simplex group, the puberula group, the patquiana group and the itabaiana group. The following species are transferred to Cinetomorpha: C. floridana (Banks), comb. nov., and C. sedata (Gertsch & Mulaik), comb. nov., from Opopaea; C. angela (Chamberlin), comb. nov., and C. nesophila (Chamberlin), comb. nov., from Yumates; and C. patquiana (Birabén) and C. platensis (Birabén), comb. nov., from Gamasomorpha. Gamasomorpha wasmanniae Mello-Leitão and Lucetia distincta Dumitresco & Georgesco are newly synonymized with C. simplex Simon. Two species currently in Gamasomorpha are transferred to Hexapopha Platnick & Berniker: H. brasiliana (Bristowe), comb. nov. and H. m-scripta (Birabén), comb. nov. The following 31 species are newly described: C. adaga Ott & Bonaldo (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru); C. atlantica Ott & Brescovit (Brazil); C. baja Ott & Ubick (Mexico); C. bandolera Ott & Harvey (Mexico & USA); C. boraceia Ott & Brescovit (Argentina and Brazil); C. campana Ott & Harvey (Chile); C. central Ott & Brescovit (Brazil); C. chicote Ott & Bonaldo (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru); C. concepcion Ott & Harvey (Chile); C. iguazu Ott & Brescovit (Argentina and Brazil); C. itabaiana Ott & Brescovit (Brazil); C. laguna Ott & Ubick (Mexico); C. lavras Ott & Brescovit (Brazil); C. longisetosa Ott & Harvey (Costa Rica and Brazil); C. lorenzo Ott & Harvey (Guatemala); C. loreto Ott & Bonaldo (Peru); C. nayarit Ott & Harvey (Mexico); C. orellana Ott & Bonaldo (Ecuador); C. pauferro Ott & Brescovit (Brazil); C. peluda Ott & Harvey (Chile); C. pinheiral Ott & Brescovit (Brazil); C. pocone Ott & Brescovit (Brazil); C. punctata Ott & Brescovit (Brazil); C. quillota Ott & Harvey (Chile); C. rinconada Ott & Harvey (Chile); C. santamaria Ott & Brescovit (Argentina); C. similis Ott & Brescovit (Brazil); C. sternalis Ott & Bonaldo (Brazil); C. sur Ott & Ubick (Mexico); C. waorani Ott & Bonaldo (Ecuador); and C. zero Ott & Harvey (Mexico to Venezuela). Keywords: Araneae, Spiders, Araneomorphae, Dysderoidea, Americas, taxonomy"--Page 3.

Author: Norman I. Platnick
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Category : Oonopidae
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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The goblin spider genus Pescennina Simon has been known only from females of its type species from Venezuela, whereas the more recently described genus Marsupopaea Cooke has been known only from males taken in Colombia. Discovery of the missing sexes, in both cases, indicates that these spiders belong to the Scaphiella complex; males have dorsal abdominal scuta that are absent in females. The presence, in the males of both type species, of a terminal, coiled embolus that can be held in an excavated "pouch" at the anterior edge of the sternum and is matched by coiled anterior ducts in the female genitalia, suggests that these taxa are congeneric. Marsupopaea is therefore newly synonymized with Pescennina, and its type species, M. sturmi Cooke, is placed as a junior synonym of P. cupida (Keyserling). Species of Pescennina occur widely in North, Central, and South America; many are apparently ant mimics, with color patterns (and sometimes a constricted abdomen) that enhance their antlike appearance. Although most of the species seem to be ground dwelling, with the extremely narrow geographic ranges typical of goblin spiders, at least four species inhabit the forest canopy, and at least one of those species is much more widespread. Males of the type species, P. epularis Simon, and females of P. cupida (Keyserling) are described for the first time; 16 new species are described: P. iviei, P. gertschi, P. sumidero, and P. ibarrai from Mexico; P. murphyorum from Nicaragua and Costa Rica; P. viquezi from Costa Rica; P. laselva from Costa Rica and Panama; P. fusca from Panama; P. arborea from Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador; P. magdalena and P. sasaima from Colombia; P. orellana from Ecuador; P. piura and P. loreto from Peru; P. grismadoi from Bolivia; and P. otti from southern Brazil.

Author: Norman I. Platnick
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Category : Oonopidae
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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The goblin spider genus Simonoonops Harvey has been known only from its Venezuelan type species, but the group occurs also in Guyana and the Lesser Antilles. Most of its members have been misplaced in the genus Dysderina Simon; D. princeps Simon, D. spinigera Simon, D. craneae Chickering, D. globina Chickering, D. soltina Chickering, and D. zinona Chickering are transferred to Simonoonops. Members of Simonoonops resemble those of Dysderina in having three transverse ridges on the sternum, but differ in lacking a groove connecting the anterior spiracles and having a more complex embolic region on the male palp. Two specific names are newly synonymized: S. orghidani (Dumitrescu and Georgescu) with S. craneae, and S. zinona with S. soltina. Six new species are described: S. simoni, S. grande, and S. andersoni from Venezuela, S. lutzi from Guyana, S. etang from Grenada, and S. chickeringi from Saint Vincent.

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Languages : en
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Author: Norman I. Platnick
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Category : Epectris
Languages : en
Pages : 43

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