Author: Hana Polackova BrixiPublisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780821356012
Category : Government spending policy
Languages : en
Pages : 266
Book Description
Tax Expenditures--shedding Light on Government Spending Through the Tax System
Author: Hana Polackova BrixiPublisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780821356012
Category : Government spending policy
Languages : en
Pages : 266
Book Description
Tax Expenditures, Shedding Light on Government Spending Through the Tax System
Author: World BankPublisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 268
Book Description
Discusses conceptual and methodological issues relating to tax expenditures, provides a framework for evaluating them, offers case studies on government treatment of tax expenditures from developed and transition economies, and outlines generally applicable policy options. Provides case studies of the treatment of tax expenditures in Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, the Netherlands, Poland, and the United States. Each chapter presents how the nation defines tax expenditures and the corresponding benchmark tax system.
Tax Expenditure--shedding Light on Government Spending Through the Tax System
Author: Hana Polackova BrixiPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Finance
Languages : en
Pages : 245
Book Description
Tax Expenditures in OECD Countries
Author: OECDPublisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN: 9264076905
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 244
Book Description
This book sheds light on the use of tax expenditures, mainly through a study of ten OECD countries: Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. It highlights key trends and successful practices.
Managing the Effects of Tax Expenditures on the National Budget
Author: Zhicheng Li SwiftPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Budget
Languages : en
Pages : 40
Book Description
Tax expenditures, in the form of tax provisions, are government expenditures. They are conceptually and functionally distinct from those tax provisions whose purpose is to raise revenue. Tax expenditure programs are comparable to entitlement programs. Therefore, tax expenditures must be analyzed in spending terms and integrated into the budgetary process to ensure fiscal accountability. In addition, tax expenditures must be audited for performance and the information must be published (with comprehensive analysis) to ensure fiscal transparency. The author analyzes the concept and definition, size, and effects of tax expenditures, as well as the fiscal accountability and transparency of tax expenditure spending. In short, tax expenditures affect (1) the budget balance, (2) budget prioritization in allocation, (3) the effectiveness and efficiency of fiscal resources, and (4) the scope for abuse by taxpayers, government officials and legislators. While reviewing the current practices in tax expenditures against the requirements of fiscal accountability and transparency, she finds that this fiscal area must be strengthened. The author sketches four building blocks to strengthen tax expenditures toward fiscal accountability and transparency, based on the literature developed by Surry and McDaniel, the practices from industrial and developing countries, the Campos and Pradhan fiscal accountability model, and the International Monetary Fund's fiscal transparency code. The author argues that normative/benchmark tax structure, a revenue-raising component of the tax system, should be formalized. The normative/benchmark tax structure should be legally defined in the tax law and should be transparent. The tax receipts from this normative/benchmark tax structure should be quantified and published. Presently, many countries could publish imputed tax revenue from normative/benchmark tax structures because such data is available. Only if imputed tax revenue is published in the same way as the other budget components-tax revenue received, tax expenditures, direct expenditures, and fiscal balance-will a budget system be truly transparent in terms of revenue-raising activities and expenditure activities. In addition, when the tax revenue-raising activity is formalized, the inherent spending nature of tax expenditures is further exposed. Therefore, tax expenditures should be added to direct expenditures forming total government expenditures. Furthermore, the conventional concept of the size of government should be remedied by including both direct expenditures and tax expenditures.
Tax Expenditure Reporting and Its Use in Fiscal Management
Author: International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1498303218
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 19
Book Description
This note aims to inform governments on how to account for tax expenditures and use that information in fiscal management. The emphasis is on developing and emerging market economies, where the use of such accounts is in its infancy because of data constraints, insufficient human and financial resources, and weak fiscal institutions. Most developing economies, more-over, do not have tax policy units in their Ministry of Finance to provide analytical support to the govern¬ment and legislature that integrates all revenue policy aspects. As a result, the tax policy framework can be fragmented: line ministries compete in the provision of sectoral tax incentives, but do not report on their cost. The note is organized as follows. The second section outlines the role that tax expenditure measurement and reporting can play in fiscal management. The third section provides a step-by-step approach on how tax expenditure accounts can be built, with emphasis on data, methods and models, and institutional requirements. The section is concerned primarily with the direct cost of tax expenditures—that is, the revenue forgone because of them. It does not deal with their indirect costs, which could include economic efficiency losses and additional tax administration resources, and it does not address assessment of the benefits of tax expenditures. The fourth summarizes the current sta¬tus of tax expenditure reporting in developing econo¬mies, with some reference to advanced economies. The last section concludes.
Fiscal Sustainability of Health Systems Bridging Health and Finance Perspectives
Author: OECDPublisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN: 9264233385
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 264
Book Description
The health systems we enjoy today, and expected medical advances in the future, will be difficult to finance from public resources without major reforms. Public health spending in OECD countries has grown rapidly over most of the last half century. These spending increases have contributed to ...
Expenditure Ceilings - A Survey
Author: Gösta LjungmanPublisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 58
Book Description
This paper looks at the factors that have to be considered when designing an aggregate expenditure ceiling. It is argued that expenditure ceilings are effective in promoting fiscal discipline and sustainability, but that a number of trade-offs have to be made when setting up a fiscal framework that will survive in a politically charged environment. The paper illustrates the discussion with a case study of medium-term aggregate expenditure ceilings in three countries: Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden.
Managing the Effects of Tax Expenditures on National Budgets
Author: Zhicheng Li SwiftPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Tax expenditures, in the form of tax provisions, are government expenditures. They are conceptually and functionally distinct from those tax provisions whose purpose is to raise revenue. Tax expenditure programs are comparable to entitlement programs. Therefore, tax expenditures must be analyzed in spending terms and integrated into the budgetary process to ensure fiscal accountability. In addition, tax expenditures must be audited for performance and the information must be published (with comprehensive analysis) to ensure fiscal transparency. The author analyzes the concept and definition, size, and effects of tax expenditures, as well as the fiscal accountability and transparency of tax expenditure spending. In short, tax expenditures affect (1) the budget balance, (2) budget prioritization in allocation, (3) the effectiveness and efficiency of fiscal resources, and (4) the scope for abuse by taxpayers, government officials and legislators. While reviewing the current practices in tax expenditures against the requirements of fiscal accountability and transparency, she finds that this fiscal area must be strengthened. The author sketches four building blocks to strengthen tax expenditures toward fiscal accountability and transparency, based on the literature developed by Surry and McDaniel, the practices from industrial and developing countries, the Campos and Pradhan fiscal accountability model, and the International Monetary Fund's fiscal transparency code. The author argues that normative/benchmark tax structure, a revenue-raising component of the tax system, should be formalized. The normative/benchmark tax structure should be legally defined in the tax law and should be transparent. The tax receipts from this normative/benchmark tax structure should be quantified and published. Presently, many countries could publish imputed tax revenue from normative/benchmark tax structures because such data is available. Only if imputed tax revenue is published in the same way as the other budget components-tax revenue received, tax expenditures, direct expenditures, and fiscal balance-will a budget system be truly transparent in terms of revenue-raising activities and expenditure activities. In addition, when the tax revenue-raising activity is formalized, the inherent spending nature of tax expenditures is further exposed. Therefore, tax expenditures should be added to direct expenditures forming total government expenditures. Furthermore, the conventional conc...
Bad Breaks All Around
Author: Eric J. ToderPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Government spending policy
Languages : en
Pages : 216
Book Description
In a time of both budget surpluses and hostility toward government spending, tax breaks are politically appealing. But most tax breaks fail tests of transparency, accountability, and progressivity. This report, prepared by The Century Foundation Working Group on Tax Expenditures, offers broad policy recommendations as well as numerous examples of unjustifiable tax breaks. The report also includes three background papers: "Evaluating Tax Incentives as a Tool for Social and Economic Policy" by Eric Toder, Working Group executive director "Tax Expenditures in the Federal Budget" by Michael Ettlinger, Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy "Tax Breaks and Behavior: A Review of Evidence" by Bernard Wasow, The Century Foundation.