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Author: Nicolás Ignacio Bozzo Galleguillos Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : es Pages : 0
Book Description
La literatura de transporte argumenta que la provisión del transporte público debe ser subsidiada y la congestión del transporte privado, tarificada. Sin embargo, ignora los efectos que esto podría tener en el mercado laboral. Este trabajo crea un modelo con oferta laboral endógena, para así analizar los efectos que tiene la tarificación del transporte urbano sobre el mercado laboral y sus consecuencias en el bienestar. El principal resultado es que aún si no se pueden cobrar impuestos por congestión el primer mejor puede ser descentralizado subsidiando el uso del transporte público, cobrando impuestos al trabajo y entregando transferencias de suma fija (las cuales pueden ser negativas significando así un impuesto de suma fija). Sin embargo, si el gobierno incurre en un gasto exógeno, el primer mejor no podrá ser descentralizado. En dicho caso, se plantea el sistema impositivo óptimo y aunque no tiene una solución analítica, se argumenta con un ejemplo numérico que, para cubrir este gasto, existen tres posibilidades (con respecto al primer mejor): aumentar el impuesto de suma fija, aumentar los impuestos por congestión y disminuir los subsidios al transporte público, o bien, aumentar los impuestos al trabajo y reducir el subsidio al transporte público.
Author: Nicolás Ignacio Bozzo Galleguillos Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : es Pages : 0
Book Description
La literatura de transporte argumenta que la provisión del transporte público debe ser subsidiada y la congestión del transporte privado, tarificada. Sin embargo, ignora los efectos que esto podría tener en el mercado laboral. Este trabajo crea un modelo con oferta laboral endógena, para así analizar los efectos que tiene la tarificación del transporte urbano sobre el mercado laboral y sus consecuencias en el bienestar. El principal resultado es que aún si no se pueden cobrar impuestos por congestión el primer mejor puede ser descentralizado subsidiando el uso del transporte público, cobrando impuestos al trabajo y entregando transferencias de suma fija (las cuales pueden ser negativas significando así un impuesto de suma fija). Sin embargo, si el gobierno incurre en un gasto exógeno, el primer mejor no podrá ser descentralizado. En dicho caso, se plantea el sistema impositivo óptimo y aunque no tiene una solución analítica, se argumenta con un ejemplo numérico que, para cubrir este gasto, existen tres posibilidades (con respecto al primer mejor): aumentar el impuesto de suma fija, aumentar los impuestos por congestión y disminuir los subsidios al transporte público, o bien, aumentar los impuestos al trabajo y reducir el subsidio al transporte público.
Author: Marcelo Giugale Publisher: World Bank Publications ISBN: 082136863X Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 860
Book Description
For the first time in the republican history of Peru, the presidential transition takes place in democracy, social peace, fast economic growth and favorable world markets. In other words, there has never been a better chance to build a different Peru - a richer country, more equal and governable. There are multiple ways to achieve that goal. New reforms must stem from a widespread and participatory debate, one of a common vision conceived for and by Peruvians. This book aims at making a technical and independent contribution to such debate; it summarizes the knowledge available about the challenges to be faced by the new administration. The study does not recommend silver bullets, but suggests policy options. It is based on the analysis of the current reality and in six decades of relationships with Peru, in which the Bank has implemented more than 100 projects and prepared more than 500 technical reports covering the wide range of development topics. When necessary, the study provides lessons that the Bank has learned elsewhere. The study provides a conceptual framework to the analysis of the country's 34 economic sectors and the two historical perspectives behind them. In doing so, it offers a comprehensive reform agenda that sheds light on possible priorities and courses of action.
Author: Peter Hall Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell ISBN: 9780631199434 Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 502
Book Description
Cities of Tomorrow is a critical history of planning in theory and practice in the twentieth century, as well as of the social and economic problems and opportunities that gave rise to it. Trenchant, perceptive, global in coverage, this book is an unrivalled account of its crucial subject. The third edition of Cities of Tomorrow is comprehensively revised to take account of abundant new literature published since its original appearance, and to view the 1990s in historical perspective. This is the definitive edition, reviewing the development of the modern planning movement over the entire span of the twentieth century.
Author: Mark Davies Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1134874537 Category : Foreign Language Study Languages : en Pages : 1457
Book Description
A Frequency Dictionary of Spanish has been fully revised and updated, including over 500 new entries, making it an invaluable resource for students of Spanish. Based on a new web-based corpus containing more than 2 billion words collected from 21 Spanish-speaking countries, the second edition of A Frequency Dictionary of Spanish provides the most expansive and up-to-date guidelines on Spanish vocabulary. Each entry is accompanied with an illustrative example and full English translation. The Dictionary provides a rich resource for language teaching and curriculum design, while a separate CD version provides the full text in a tab-delimited format ideally suited for use by corpus and computational linguistics. With entries arranged both by frequency and alphabetically, A Frequency Dictionary of Spanish enables students of all levels to get the most out of their study of vocabulary in an engaging and efficient way.
Author: Philip D. McMichael Publisher: Cornell University Press ISBN: 1501736035 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 321
Book Description
Across the world, food systems and agricultural systems are changing at a phenomenal rate. Widespread restructuring has not been confined to the production and distribution of food, though; many regions and even nations are undergoing social, political, and economic transformation as well. Bringing together twelve essays by scholars from a number of disciplines, I this timely book documents the interdependence of food systems, nation states, and the world economy. Stressing the political foundations of global agro-food systems, it sheds light on such complex questions as whether today's changes in food and agrarian systems anticipate a new world order, or are merely efforts to preserve an old order in crisis.
Author: United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General Publisher: ISBN: Category : Government publications Languages : en Pages : 728
Book Description
This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
Author: Nicolás Ignacio Bozzo Galleguillos
Author: Nicolás Ignacio Bozzo Galleguillos
Author: Marcelo Giugale
Author: Peter Hall
Author: State of State of Illinois
Author: 
Author: Guillermo Floris Margadant S.
Author: Mark Davies
Author: United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Author: Philip D. McMichael
Author: United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General