Introduction to Business PDF Download

Author: Lawrence J. Gitman
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781998109319
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Author: George A. Elliott
Publisher: University of Toronto Press
ISBN: 1487596669
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 497

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Book Description
Most Canadians are vividly aware of some of the effects tariffs have on their daily lives. As consumers they pay more than their American neighbours for many articles in everyday use; as producers they often find their markets drastically restricted because of tariff barriers. Indeed, the customs tariff has been a burning issue in the political and economic life of the country for most of its history. It is always a current topic of discussion, in ordinary conversation, in newspapers and periodicals, in scholarly studies, and in surveys and reports by government and industry. But while Canadians, as consumers and producers, have personal experience and a general knowledge of the rates of duty explicitly stated in the customs tariff and knowingly ratified by the legislators and the public, they are not so well informed about another set of costs which, like the duties, have to be borne by importers and exporters, and ultimately by consumers and producers. These are the costs of administration, not only of the tariff, but also of other regulations designed primarily to preserve health or to prevent fraud or the infringement of patents. Certain costs of this nature are inevitable, and the delays, uncertainties, and expense they cause to exporters and importers, though not so readily apparent to the public, are nevertheless as much a part of the obstacle to trade as are the stated rates of duty. A more serious aspect of procedures for collecting customs and enforcing regulations, however, is the fact that they may confer an inordinate degree of protection on certain domestic producers, either unintentionally through inept regulations or administrative inefficiency, or intentionally by regulations designed to discriminate unobtrusively against imported merchandise. But whether they are part of the necessary cost of collection and enforcement, or unintended expenses resulting from inadvertence, or calculated burdens imposed by stealth, they all confer a greater measure of protection on the domestic consumer than has been proved by the electorate. This additional, 'indirect' protection is the subject of Professor Elliott's interesting and informative study. By a clear and orderly marshalling of the facts, and a wealth of illustrative cases, he has furnished a picture of the burden imposed on the economic life of the country and the obstacles put in the way of international trade by 'procedures.' In so doing he has provided a background of information against which the total effects of tariffs and import regulations may be assessed. It is in the interests of all that the customs tariff, like any other tax, should be designed to secure its objectives as efficiently as possible. A good customs tariff, like a good tax system, should conform to the four canons of taxation laid down long ago by Adam Smith: it should provide equity, certainty, convenience, and economy. This book is intended not as a customs manual for importers and exporters, but as a source of information and enlightenment for that alert and critical public whose interest in international economic relations and constant awareness of facts have already provided a strong impetus to a world movement in favour of more liberal trade policies. Professor Elliott's book is published under the auspices of the Canadian Institute of International Affairs and the Canadian Tax Foundation.

Author: George Alexander Elliott
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 293

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Author: United States. Office of the U.S. Trade Representative
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Commercial policy
Languages : en
Pages : 272

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Author: George Alexander ELLIOTT
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 293

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Author: United States Tariff Commission
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Commerce
Languages : en
Pages : 612

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Author: International Standards, Conformity Assessment, and U.S. Trade Policy Project Committee
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309587883
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 253

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Book Description
Mandated standards used for vehicle airbags, International Organization for Standards (ISO) standards adopted for photographic film, de facto standards for computer software--however they arise, standards play a fundamental role in the global marketplace. Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Trade provides a comprehensive, up-to-date analysis of the link between standards, product testing and certification, and U.S. economic performance. The book includes recommendations for streamlining standards development, increasing the efficiency of product testing and certification, and promoting the success of U.S. exports in world markets. The volume offers a critical examination of organizations involved in standards and identifies the urgent improvements needed in the U.S. system for conformity assessment, in which adherence to standards is assessed and certified. Among other key issues, the book explores the role of government regulation, laboratory accreditation, and the overlapping of multiple quality standards in product development and manufacturing. In one of the first treatments of this subject, Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Trade offers a unique and highly valuable analysis of the impact of standards and conformity assessment on global trade.

Author: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN: 9264014624
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 304

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This publication analyses where and why certain non-tariff measures are being applied to traded goods that are covered by multilateral rules and disciplines, and how they continue to represent challenges for exporters and policy makers.

Author: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Publisher: Org. for Economic Cooperation & Development
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 312

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Book Description
The world economy is still far from the textbook model of unfettered trade, of a global market place without barriers. Non-tariff barriers to trade at and behind the border have been lowered significantly in the course of successive trade negotiations, but more can be done. The studies in this volume review concerns that exporters and governments have raised about market access. They analyse where and why certain non-tariff measures are being applied to traded goods that are covered by multilateral rules and disciplines, and how they continue to represent challenges for exporters and policymakers. The specific measures examined are: prohibitions and quotas, non-automatic import licensing schemes, customs fees and charges, and export restrictions.

Author: United States. Office of the U.S. Trade Representative
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Commercial policy
Languages : en
Pages : 308

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