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Author: Liang Yan Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 230
Book Description
Activated carbon adsorption is widely used to remove organic matters (both micropollutants and dissolved natural organic matter (DOM)) in water treatment systems. However, economic use and adsorption effectiveness have been major concerns due to not ideal physicochemical characteristics of most current activated carbons. Meanwhile, due to the competitive adsorption effect from DOM, it has been a great challenge to achieve effective micropollutants removal. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to develop activated carbon with specific selectivity for the removal of DOM and another type for effective removal of micropollutants. This will eventually lead to their application in water treatment facility as a sequence of two adsorber beds in series. Chemical activation of bituminous coal by KOH was applied to develop activated carbons. A total of 24 activated carbons with different porous structure and BET surface area were created under different activation conditions. The effect of the different variables of the activation process on critical carbon parameters was analyzed. In this study, phenolic compounds were selected as model compounds to represent micropollutants. In case of phenolic compounds, the oligomerization phenomenon that occurs in the presence of molecular oxygen, must be controlled by limiting the pore size of activated carbon. Therefore, BC-21 with highest microporosity was selected for phenolic compounds removal. In order to understand the impact of BC-21 on oligomerization of phenolics, single solute, binary solute and ternary solute isotherm adsorption were conducted. Meanwhile, commercial activated carbon F400 was used for comparison. These isotherms were collected under anoxic (absence of molecular oxygen) and oxic (presence of molecular oxygen) conditions. All isotherms demonstrated BC-21 has not only better adsorption capacity but also higher regeneration efficiency. BC-41 with highest mesoporosity was used as carbon precursor for DOM removal. Two novel tailoring methods (outgassing and manganese impregnation) were employed to modify the surface chemical characteristics of BC-41. The developed tailored activated carbons (BC-41-OG -argon outgassed and BC-41-MnN - manganese dioxide impregnated) showed much better DOM adsorption rate and equilibrium capacity than F400 and virgin carbon BC-41. The enhanced DOM removal by BC-41-MnN was attributed to the presence of manganese species on the carbon surface. The higher removal of BC-41-OG was due to the higher surface basicity created during the outgassing treatment. It is very common to have micropollutants such as phenolics in the treatment environment. Therefore, the role of phenolic compounds in determining the adsorption effectiveness of DOM using BC-41-OG and BC-41-MnN was further investigated. The results of the kinetic study indicated phenolic compounds have a significant positive effect on the removal rate of DOM. However, the effect on adsorptive capacity of DOM is highly dependent on the surface chemical characteristics of activated carbon. In addition, DOM with different molecular weight distribution demonstrated different extent of influence from oligomerization. The adsorption performance of BC-41-OG and BC-41-MnN was also examined by conducting small column study. The enhanced selectivity in the removal of DOM rather than phenolics was observed for both novel tailored activated carbon as compared to F400.
Author: Liang Yan Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 230
Book Description
Activated carbon adsorption is widely used to remove organic matters (both micropollutants and dissolved natural organic matter (DOM)) in water treatment systems. However, economic use and adsorption effectiveness have been major concerns due to not ideal physicochemical characteristics of most current activated carbons. Meanwhile, due to the competitive adsorption effect from DOM, it has been a great challenge to achieve effective micropollutants removal. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to develop activated carbon with specific selectivity for the removal of DOM and another type for effective removal of micropollutants. This will eventually lead to their application in water treatment facility as a sequence of two adsorber beds in series. Chemical activation of bituminous coal by KOH was applied to develop activated carbons. A total of 24 activated carbons with different porous structure and BET surface area were created under different activation conditions. The effect of the different variables of the activation process on critical carbon parameters was analyzed. In this study, phenolic compounds were selected as model compounds to represent micropollutants. In case of phenolic compounds, the oligomerization phenomenon that occurs in the presence of molecular oxygen, must be controlled by limiting the pore size of activated carbon. Therefore, BC-21 with highest microporosity was selected for phenolic compounds removal. In order to understand the impact of BC-21 on oligomerization of phenolics, single solute, binary solute and ternary solute isotherm adsorption were conducted. Meanwhile, commercial activated carbon F400 was used for comparison. These isotherms were collected under anoxic (absence of molecular oxygen) and oxic (presence of molecular oxygen) conditions. All isotherms demonstrated BC-21 has not only better adsorption capacity but also higher regeneration efficiency. BC-41 with highest mesoporosity was used as carbon precursor for DOM removal. Two novel tailoring methods (outgassing and manganese impregnation) were employed to modify the surface chemical characteristics of BC-41. The developed tailored activated carbons (BC-41-OG -argon outgassed and BC-41-MnN - manganese dioxide impregnated) showed much better DOM adsorption rate and equilibrium capacity than F400 and virgin carbon BC-41. The enhanced DOM removal by BC-41-MnN was attributed to the presence of manganese species on the carbon surface. The higher removal of BC-41-OG was due to the higher surface basicity created during the outgassing treatment. It is very common to have micropollutants such as phenolics in the treatment environment. Therefore, the role of phenolic compounds in determining the adsorption effectiveness of DOM using BC-41-OG and BC-41-MnN was further investigated. The results of the kinetic study indicated phenolic compounds have a significant positive effect on the removal rate of DOM. However, the effect on adsorptive capacity of DOM is highly dependent on the surface chemical characteristics of activated carbon. In addition, DOM with different molecular weight distribution demonstrated different extent of influence from oligomerization. The adsorption performance of BC-41-OG and BC-41-MnN was also examined by conducting small column study. The enhanced selectivity in the removal of DOM rather than phenolics was observed for both novel tailored activated carbon as compared to F400.
Author: Roop Chand Bansal Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1420028812 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 498
Book Description
High surface area, a microporous structure, and a high degree of surface reactivity make activated carbons versatile adsorbents, particularly effective in the adsorption of organic and inorganic pollutants from aqueous solutions. Activated Carbon Adsorption introduces the parameters and mechanisms involved in the activated carbon adsorption
Book Description
This is the second volume on adsorption using green adsorbents and is written by international contributors who are the leading experts in the adsorption field. Together with the first volume they show a typical selection of green materials used in wastewater treatment, with emphasis on industrial effluents. This second volume focuses on innovative materials. It presents hemp-based materials for metal removal, and the use of leaves for metal removal. It describes the biosorption of metals and metalloids on various materials and discusses the recent advances in cellulose-based adsorbents used in environmental purposes. Furthermore, activated carbons from food wastes, aerogels and bones, and municipal solid waste biochar as efficient materials for pollutant removal, respectively are reviewed as well as biosorption of dyes onto microbial biosorbents and the use of mushroom biomass to remove pollutants are looked at. The volume also includes detailed review of green adsorbents for removal of antibiotics, pesticides and endocrine disruptors and the use of pillared interlayered clays as innovative materials for pollutant removal. Finally, the use of green adsorbents for radioactive pollutant removal from natural water is discussed. The audience for this book includes students, environmentalists, engineers, water scientists, civil and industrial personnel who wish to specialize in adsorption technology. Academically, this book will be of use to students in chemical and environmental engineering who wish to learn about adsorption and its fundamentals. It has also been compiled for practicing engineers who wish to know about recent developments on adsorbent materials in order to promote further research toward improving and developing newer adsorbents and processes for the efficient removal of pollutants from industrial effluents. It is hoped that the book will serve as a readable and useful presentation not only for undergraduate and postgraduate students but also for the water scientists and engineers and as a convenient reference handbook in the form of numerous recent examples and appended information.
Author: Pourya Zojaji Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
A partial removal of emerging organic micropollutants (EOMs) in conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) results in their continuous release to the aquatic terrestrial systems. Subsequently, EOMs such as pharmaceutical compounds, their respective metabolites as well as hormones and herbicides need a complementary treatment, e.g. sorption. However, sorptive material supposes to follow sustainable development principles as much as possible. Thus, utilizing low-cost alternative precursors for the production of sorptive material was considered in this study. Wasted activated sludge (WAS) and wood waste were used as viable primary materials for this purpose. The main objective of the present work was to remove of EOMs from a WWTP's effluent by an effective alternative carbon adsorbent derived from the blends of sludge and woodchips. The study consisted of three stages. In the first stage, the presence of thirty multi-class EOMs was investigated in a WWTP effluent and its vicinity in Saint Lawrence River (SLR). Subsequently, the most popular EOMs were classified, then, target compounds were selected to be exposed to adsorption process. In the second stage, an effective method to produce pore enriched activated carbon from single-step activation of sludge with the additive of wood residues was developed. The produced new adsorbent increased the surface area from 1320 m2/g to 1565 m2/g after combining sludge precursor with hardwood chips. Also, the strength of the surface acidity and yield of products were mounted after wood addition. In stage 3, the sorption of an anti-depressant, venlafaxine (VEN), from aqueous solution onto the new adsorbent derived from the mixture of sludge and hardwood residues (SS:HW) was compared with a commercial granular activated carbon (CGAC). Maximum sorption capacity of the SS:HW was measured 131.57 mg/g from Langmuir isotherm while this value was 25.57 mg/g for CGAC. Then SS:HW adsorption efficiency was successfully validated on real WWTP effluent; while CGAC failed to remove a mixture of EOMs from the real matrix. The results revealed the new micro-mesoporous sludge-based (SS:HW) adsorbent could serve as an efficient tool for polishing WWTP effluent and protecting the quality of surface water resources.
Author: Morgana T. Bach Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 132
Book Description
The present work summarizes research into the impact of the surface chemistry of activated carbon on the water treatment phenomena of pH excursions, the tailoring of activated carbon through manipulation of the dissolved oxygen (DO) content of the water used to create steam for activation, and, most importantly, the impact of these changes in surface chemistry on adsorption.
Author: US Army Corps of Engineers Publisher: ISBN: 9781410219886 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 108
Book Description
This book provides practical guidance for the design of liquid and vapor phase devices for the adsorption of organic chemicals. The adsorptive media addressed include granular activated carbon (GAC) and other alternative adsorption carbon media, such as powdered activated carbon (PAC) and non-carbon adsorbents. Adsorption Design Guide addresses various adsorption media types, applicability, use of various adsorption process technologies, equipment and ancillary component design, availability, advantages, disadvantages, regeneration methods, costs, and safety considerations. The equipment can be installed alone or as part of an overall treatment train, based on site-specific factors. Carbon, in various forms, has been used to adsorb contaminants for some time. The first documented use of carbon as an adsorbent was for medical purposes, in the form of wood char in 1550 B.C. The first documented use for water treatment was in 200 B.C. "to remove disagreeable tastes." In 1785 experimental chemists learned that carbon could accumulate unwanted contaminants from water. Carbon in the activated form was first used as a filter medium in the late 1800s. The understanding of carbon adsorption progressed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when vapor phase organic carbon was developed and given its first widespread use as a defense against gas warfare during WWI. The first GAC filters used for water treatment were installed in Europe in 1929. The first GAC filters for water treatment in the United States were installed in Bay City, Michigan, in 1930. In the 1940s, GAC was found to be an efficient purification and separation technology for the synthetic chemical industry. By the late 1960sand early 1970s, GAC was found to be very effective at removing a broad spectrum of synthetic chemicals from water and gases (i.e., from the vapor phase).
Author: David M. Whitacre Publisher: Springer ISBN: 9783319067452 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications.
Author: Ralph T. Yang Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 0471462411 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 424
Book Description
Adsorption promises to play an integral role in several future energy and environmental technologies, including hydrogen storage, CO removal for fuel cell technology, desulfurization of transportation fuels, and technologies for meeting higher standards on air and water pollutants. Ralph Yang's Adsorbents provides a single and comprehensive source of knowledge for all commercial and new sorbent materials, presenting the fundamental principles for their syntheses, their adsorption properties, and their present and potential applications for separation and purification. Chapter topics in this authoritative, forward-looking volume include: - Formulas for calculating the basic forces or potentials for adsorption - Calculation of pore-size distribution from a single adsorption isotherm - Rules for sorbent selection - Fundamental principles for syntheses/preparation, adsorption properties, and applications of commercially available sorbents - Mesoporous molecular sieves and zeolites - ̀§-complexation sorbents and their applications - Carbon nanotubes, pillared clays, and polymeric resins Yang covers the explosion in the development of new nanoporous materials thoroughly, as the adsorption properties of some of these materials have remained largely unexplored. The whole of this book benefits from the new adsorbent designs made possible by the increase in desktop computing and molecular simulation, making Adsorbents useful to both practicing laboratories and graduate programs. Ralph Yang's comprehensive study contributes significantly to the resolution of separation and purification problems by adsorption technologies.
Author: Teresa J. Bandosz Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0080455956 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 587
Book Description
Activated Carbon Surfaces in Environmental Remediation provides a comprehensive summary of the environmental applications of activated carbons. In order to understand the removal of contaminants and pollutants on activated carbons, the theoretical bases of adsorption phenomena are discussed. The effects of pore structure and surface chemistry are also addressed from both science and engineering perspectives. Each chapter provides examples of real applications with an emphasis on the role of the carbon surface in adsorption or reactive adsorption. The practical aspects addressed in this book cover the broad spectrum of applications from air and water cleaning and energy storage to warfare gas removal and biomedical applications. This book can serve as a handbook or reference book for graduate students, researchers and practitioners with an interest in filtration, water treatment, adsorbents and air cleaning, in addition to environmental policies and regulations. Addresses fundamental carbon science and how it relates to applications of carbon surfaces Describes the broad spectrum of activated carbon applications in environmental remediation Serves as a handbook or reference book for graduate students, researchers and practitioners in the field
Author: Suprakas Sinha Ray Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0128219602 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 422
Book Description
The deterioration of water quality and unavailability of drinkable water are pressing challenges worldwide. The removal of toxic organic and inorganic pollutants from water is vital for a clean environment, as a response to water scarcity. Adsorption-based water technologies are among the most widely used because of their high efficiency and low cost, without relying on a complex infrastructure. In recent years, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), such as graphene and derivatives, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, nanoporous carbon, fullerenes, graphitic carbon nitride, and nanodiamonds have been extensively exploited as adsorbents due to their extraordinary surface properties, ease of modification, large surface area, controlled structural varieties, high chemical stability, porosity, low density, ease of regeneration, and reusability. This book provides a thorough overview of the state of the art in carbon nanomaterials as they are used for adsorption applications in water purifications, as well as addressing their toxicological challenges. This volume primarily explores the fundamentals of adsorption, its mechanical aspects, synthesis and properties of CNMs, and adsorption performances of CNMs and their nanocomposites with organic and inorganic materials. Structural engineering and activation processes produce materials with enhanced adsorptive properties and separation efficiencies. Furthermore, the formation of CNMs with 2D and 3D macro-and microstructures and high porosities is a potential approach to improve adsorption performances and extend CNM use at the industrial level. The book also addresses important issues regarding these adsorbents that potentially affect future research and industrial applications of carbon-based nanoadsorbents in water security. Presents advances in multifunctional 3D superstructures of carbon nanomaterials and their composites for adsorption applications Outlines the fundamentals on synthesis and characterization techniques of carbon-based nanostructures and their composites Assesses the major toxicological challenges in using nanostructured materials as adsorbents for water purification
Author: Liang Yan
Author: Liang Yan
Author: Roop Chand Bansal
Author: Grégorio Crini
Author: Pourya Zojaji
Author: Morgana T. Bach
Author: US Army Corps of Engineers
Author: David M. Whitacre
Author: Ralph T. Yang
Author: Teresa J. Bandosz
Author: Suprakas Sinha Ray