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Author: X. F. Wang Publisher: ISBN: Category : Agricultural pests Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
More than 60% of plant viruses are positive-strand RNA viruses that cause billion-dollar losses annually and pose a major threat to stable agricultural production, including cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) that infects numerous vegetables and ornamental trees. A highly conserved feature among these viruses is that they form viral replication complexes (VRCs) to multiply their genomes by hijacking host proteins and remodeling host intracellular membranes. As a conserved and indispensable process, VRC assembly also represents an excellent target for the development of antiviral strategies that can be used to control a wide-range of viruses. Using CMV and a model virus, brome mosaic virus (BMV), and relying on genomic tools and tailor-made large-scale resources specific for the project, our original objectives were to: 1) Identify host proteins that are required for viral replication complex assembly. 2) Dissect host requirements that determine viral host range. 3) Provide proof-of-concept evidence of a viral control strategy by blocking the viral replication complex-localized phospholipid synthesis. We expect to provide new ways and new concepts to control multiple viruses by targeting a conserved feature among positive-strand RNA viruses based on our results. Our work is going according to the expected timeline and we are progressing well on all aims. For Objective 1, among ~6,000 yeast genes, we have identified 96 hits that were possibly play critical roles in viral replication. These hits are involved in cellular pathways of 1) Phospholipid synthesis; 2) Membrane-shaping; 3) Sterol synthesis and transport; 4) Protein transport; 5) Protein modification, among many others. We are pursuing several genes involved in lipid metabolism and transport because cellular membranes are primarily composed of lipids and lipid compositional changes affect VRC formation and functions. For Objective 2, we have found that CPR5 proteins from monocotyledon plants promoted BMV replication while those from dicotyledon plants inhibited it, providing direct evidence that CPR5 protein determines the host range of BMV. We are currently examining the mechanisms by which dicot CPR5 genes inhibit BMV replication and expressing the dicot CPR5 genes in monocot plants to control BMV infection. For Objective 3, we have demonstrated that substitutions in a host gene involved in lipid synthesis, CHO2, prevented the VRC formation by directing BMV replication protein 1a (BMV 1a), which remodels the nuclear membrane to form VRCs, away from the nuclear membrane, and thus, no VRCs were formed. This has been reported in Journal of Biological Chemistry. Based on the results from Objective 3, we have extended our plan to demonstrate that an amphipathic alpha-helix in BMV 1a is necessary and sufficient to target BMV 1a to the nuclear membrane. We further found that the counterparts of the BMV 1a helix from a group of viruses in the alphavirus-like superfamily, such as CMV, hepatitis E virus, and Rubella virus, are sufficient to target VRCs to the designated membranes, revealing a conserved feature among the superfamily. A joint manuscript describing these exciting results and authored by the two labs will be submitted shortly. We have also successfully set up systems in tomato plants: 1) to efficiently knock down gene expression via virus-induced gene silencing so we could test effects of lacking a host gene(s) on CMV replication; 2) to overexpress any gene transiently from a mild virus (potato virus X) so we could test effects of the overexpressed gene(s) on CMV replication. In summary, we have made promising progress in all three Objectives. We have identified multiple new host proteins that are involved in VRC formation and may serve as good targets to develop antiviral strategies; have confirmed that CPR5 from dicot plants inhibited viral infection and are generating BMV-resistance rice and wheat crops by overexpressing dicot CPR5 genes; have demonstrated to block viral replication by preventing viral replication protein from targeting to the designated organelle membranes for the VRC formation and this concept can be further employed for virus control. We are grateful to BARD funding and are excited to carry on this project in collaboration.
Author: X. F. Wang Publisher: ISBN: Category : Agricultural pests Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
More than 60% of plant viruses are positive-strand RNA viruses that cause billion-dollar losses annually and pose a major threat to stable agricultural production, including cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) that infects numerous vegetables and ornamental trees. A highly conserved feature among these viruses is that they form viral replication complexes (VRCs) to multiply their genomes by hijacking host proteins and remodeling host intracellular membranes. As a conserved and indispensable process, VRC assembly also represents an excellent target for the development of antiviral strategies that can be used to control a wide-range of viruses. Using CMV and a model virus, brome mosaic virus (BMV), and relying on genomic tools and tailor-made large-scale resources specific for the project, our original objectives were to: 1) Identify host proteins that are required for viral replication complex assembly. 2) Dissect host requirements that determine viral host range. 3) Provide proof-of-concept evidence of a viral control strategy by blocking the viral replication complex-localized phospholipid synthesis. We expect to provide new ways and new concepts to control multiple viruses by targeting a conserved feature among positive-strand RNA viruses based on our results. Our work is going according to the expected timeline and we are progressing well on all aims. For Objective 1, among ~6,000 yeast genes, we have identified 96 hits that were possibly play critical roles in viral replication. These hits are involved in cellular pathways of 1) Phospholipid synthesis; 2) Membrane-shaping; 3) Sterol synthesis and transport; 4) Protein transport; 5) Protein modification, among many others. We are pursuing several genes involved in lipid metabolism and transport because cellular membranes are primarily composed of lipids and lipid compositional changes affect VRC formation and functions. For Objective 2, we have found that CPR5 proteins from monocotyledon plants promoted BMV replication while those from dicotyledon plants inhibited it, providing direct evidence that CPR5 protein determines the host range of BMV. We are currently examining the mechanisms by which dicot CPR5 genes inhibit BMV replication and expressing the dicot CPR5 genes in monocot plants to control BMV infection. For Objective 3, we have demonstrated that substitutions in a host gene involved in lipid synthesis, CHO2, prevented the VRC formation by directing BMV replication protein 1a (BMV 1a), which remodels the nuclear membrane to form VRCs, away from the nuclear membrane, and thus, no VRCs were formed. This has been reported in Journal of Biological Chemistry. Based on the results from Objective 3, we have extended our plan to demonstrate that an amphipathic alpha-helix in BMV 1a is necessary and sufficient to target BMV 1a to the nuclear membrane. We further found that the counterparts of the BMV 1a helix from a group of viruses in the alphavirus-like superfamily, such as CMV, hepatitis E virus, and Rubella virus, are sufficient to target VRCs to the designated membranes, revealing a conserved feature among the superfamily. A joint manuscript describing these exciting results and authored by the two labs will be submitted shortly. We have also successfully set up systems in tomato plants: 1) to efficiently knock down gene expression via virus-induced gene silencing so we could test effects of lacking a host gene(s) on CMV replication; 2) to overexpress any gene transiently from a mild virus (potato virus X) so we could test effects of the overexpressed gene(s) on CMV replication. In summary, we have made promising progress in all three Objectives. We have identified multiple new host proteins that are involved in VRC formation and may serve as good targets to develop antiviral strategies; have confirmed that CPR5 from dicot plants inhibited viral infection and are generating BMV-resistance rice and wheat crops by overexpressing dicot CPR5 genes; have demonstrated to block viral replication by preventing viral replication protein from targeting to the designated organelle membranes for the VRC formation and this concept can be further employed for virus control. We are grateful to BARD funding and are excited to carry on this project in collaboration.
Author: R.K. Gaur Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128244836 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 584
Book Description
Plant Virus-Host Interaction: Molecular Approaches and Viral Evolution, Second Edition, provides comprehensive coverage of molecular approaches for virus-host interaction. The book contains cutting-edge research in plant molecular virology, including pathogenic viroids and transport by insect vectors, interference with transmission to control viruses, synergism with pivotal coverage of RNA silencing, and the counter-defensive strategies used by viruses to overcome the silencing response in plants. This new edition introduces new, emerging proteins involved in host-virus interactions and provides in-depth coverage of plant virus genes’ interactions with host, localization and expression. With contributions from leading experts, this is a comprehensive reference for plant virologists, molecular biologists and others interested in characterization of plant viruses and disease management. Introduces new, emerging proteins involved during the host-virus interaction and new virus strains that invade new crops through recombination, resorting and mutation Provides molecular approaches for virus-host interaction Highlights RNA silencing and counter-defensive strategies for disease management Discusses the socioeconomic implications of viral spread and mitigation techniques
Author: Elizabeth P.B. Fontes Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 1071634852 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 314
Book Description
This detailed volume provides practical guidance on techniques in plant-virus interaction research, from targeting specific molecular interactions within the virus-host interactome to the identification of the complete virus-host protein-protein interaction network. After chapters on acquiring the necessary molecular tools, the book continues with biochemical and genetic approaches to confirming protein-protein interactions both in vivo and in vitro, procedures and protocols for assessing replication, translation, viral genome movement, and insect transmission, as well as techniques for detecting multiple molecular interactions between the host and the virus and monitoring immune hubs. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and comprehensive, Plant-Virus Interactions serves as a valuable resource for understanding the protein-protein interaction network between the virus and the host, crucial for comprehending the life cycle of a virus and for developing strategies for broad-spectrum and long-lasting resistance against viral infections.
Author: Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0080923089 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 280
Book Description
Viruses are a huge threat to agriculture. In the past, viruses used to be controlled using conventional methods, such as crop rotation and destruction of the infected plants, but now there are more novel ways to control them. This volume focuses on topics that must be better understood in order to foster future developments in basic and applied plant virology. These range from virus epidemiology and virus/host co-evolution and the control of vector-mediated transmission through to systems biology investigations of virus-cell interactions. Other chapters cover the current status of signalling in natural resistance and the potential for a revival in the use of cross-protection, as well as future opportunities for the deployment of the under-utilized but highly effective crop protection strategy of pathogen-derived resistance. Contributions from leading authorities Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field
Author: Michael Buchmeier Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 9780123745255 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 269
Book Description
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses. While some types of hemorrhagic fever viruses can cause relatively mild illnesses, many of these viruses cause severe life-threatening disease. Some examples include: Lassa fever, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, Korean hemorrhagic fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and Dengue hemorrhagic fever. No current treatment can cure viral hemorrhagic fevers, and immunizations exist for only two (yellow fever and Argentine hemorrhagic fever) of the many VHFs. Researchers are working to develop other vaccines, but in the meantime, the best approach is prevention. This volume will provide a review of what is known to date on these virus families as well as highlighting recent advances and future needs. Key features: * Provides comprehensive overview of what is known to date, recent advances and future needs * Examines transmission and risk factors * Highlights what has been done to help in outbreak control * Discusses the need for vaccines and antivirals
Author: Paula Tennant Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128111941 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 393
Book Description
Viruses: Molecular Biology, Host Interactions, and Applications to Biotechnology provides an up-to-date introduction to human, animal and plant viruses within the context of recent advances in high-throughput sequencing that have demonstrated that viruses are vastly greater and more diverse than previously recognized. It covers discoveries such as the Mimivirus and its virophage which have stimulated new discussions on the definition of viruses, their place in the current view, and their inherent and derived ‘interactomics’ as defined by the molecules and the processes by which virus gene products interact with themselves and their host’s cellular gene products. Further, the book includes perspectives on basic aspects of virology, including the structure of viruses, the organization of their genomes, and basic strategies in replication and expression, emphasizing the diversity and versatility of viruses, how they cause disease and how their hosts react to such disease, and exploring developments in the field of host-microbe interactions in recent years. The book is likely to appeal, and be useful, to a wide audience that includes students, academics and researchers studying the molecular biology and applications of viruses Provides key insights into recent technological advances, including high-throughput sequencing Presents viruses not only as formidable foes, but also as entities that can be beneficial to their hosts and humankind that are helping to shape the tree of life Features exposition on the diversity and versatility of viruses, how they cause disease, and an exploration of virus-host interactions
Author: Bahar Inankur Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 255
Book Description
Viruses cause a variety of human diseases including AIDS, the common cold, hepatitis, and cancer. During a virus infection, the various processes and interactions of the virus, host, and environment form a complex and dynamic system with a heterogeneous range of outcomes. While there has been a strong focus on investigation of molecular mechanisms of virus-host cell interactions within a single-infection cycle and clinical studies that entail multiple infection cycles, relatively less has been done to link how the interactions within a single-infection cycle are reflected over multiple rounds of infection. In this context, the work in this thesis focuses on the development of experimental and computational quantitative tools to study the factors that influence infection spread from cell to cell in vitro. The potential of an infection to spread is determined mainly by the ability of the infecting virus to effectively enter the host cell, replicate efficiently, and evade or suppress any host restrictions. Conversely, host cell inhibition of the infection relies on the ability to detect the invading virus, mount a response that typically includes the activation of genes that have either direct antiviral roles or signal to warn other cells of the infection, and avoid the suppressive activity of the virus that seeks to limit these responses. In order to investigate this dynamic interaction between virus and host, we used vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a well characterized model virus. We first designed microfluidic channels to study virus spread under stagnant fluid environments. In parallel, to quantify the effects of antiviral responses we developed an antiviral activity assay that measures the overall functional ability of secreted antiviral molecules to inhibit infections. Moreover, using a novel dual color fluorescent reporter system to detect viral replication and cellular antiviral activity; we performed real-time fluorescent microscopy imaging studies of infection spread within cell culture monolayers in conventional well plates and microchannels. Quantitative analysis of spatial and temporal features of spreading infections in these two different cultures, together with the use of activity assay revealed the dose and duration dependency of antiviral activation prior to infection that ultimately determined the spread or arrest of the infection. On a separate project, using the image processing and analysis tools, we quantified the infection spread behavior of VSV in the presence of a virus mutant that lacked essential genes for growth, but was able to divert the viral proteins produced by an infectious virus to its own replication. The detailed analysis and modeling of the diverse interfered patterns revealed the increase in the diversity of spread patterns with increasing mutant virus input. The tools developed here can aid the in vitro testing of antiviral drugs by helping assess how the treatments influence the interactions between virus and the host cells over multiple rounds of infection. Further improving the quantitative methods developed using VSV, finally we focused on a more clinically relevant virus, rhinovirus (RV), which contributes to a variety of respiratory illnesses. Aiming to link the genetic diversity observed in different RV strains with differences in the severity of infections observed clinically, we developed single-cell image analysis workflows. The workflows enabled tracking of individual cells and extraction of fluorescent intensities from different cellular compartments in a dual color fluorescent transfection assay. Using these tools we quantified the RVs’ ability to disrupt nuclear transport pathways over time. Comparison of different strains revealed the differential disruption of nucleocytoplasmic transport, a key mechanism for intracellular antiviral signaling. Extending these studies to probe spatial and temporal dynamics of spreading RV infections, we quantified the spread patterns of a recombinant fluorescent RV strain and extracted parameters that can be further used for characterizing the various features of the spread phenotypes of different RV strains. The multi-cycle infection analysis of various RV strains may help gain insights into varying degrees of illness severities observed for infections of different RV strains. Overall, this work demonstrates the potential of these new experimental and computational tools for enabling a more quantitative approach to elucidating the dynamic and complex mechanisms of virus-host interactions.
Author: X. F. Wang
Author: X. F. Wang
Author: R.K. Gaur
Author: Elizabeth P.B. Fontes
Author: 
Author: Michael Buchmeier
Author: R.k Gaur
Author: Paula Tennant
Author: Anderson Fernandes de Brito
Author: Leny C. Galvez
Author: Bahar Inankur