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Author: Nicholas Wyckoff Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) fibers are mainly used in active fiber composites (AFC) where they are embedded in a polymer matrix. The PZT fibers provide the electromechanical actuation and sensing capabilities derived from the inherent piezoelectricity of PZT. The role of the epoxy matrix is to transfer the external loads amongst the fibers while also serving as protection to enable more flexibility in the AFC device as a whole. Interdigitated electrodes (IDE) placed on the planar surfaces of the AFC are along the direction of the fibers, hereby exploiting the d33 coefficient of PZT, which is twice that of the d31 coefficient. Despite this clever strategy, the AFC electromechanical response is lower than that of bulk PZT. Although the polymer matrix has been widely studied, the PZT fibers have not. By directly characterizing the behavior of PZT fibers, recommendations to redesign of the AFC with the goal of improving its performance can be proposed. Therefore, it is important to characterize the electrical and electromechanical behavior of these fibers ex-situ using the IDE configuration to assess the impact of fiber configuration and non-uniform electric field on the piezoelectric response. For this reason, the broad goal of this thesis is to characterize the impact of IDE electrodes on the electrical and electromechanical behavior of PZT fibers, which is necessary for their successful implementation in devices like AFC. As mentioned above, limited research has been conducted on characterizing the behavior of PZT fibers, and no electrical characterization of individual PZT fibers has been done to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, to accomplish the broad goal of this study, the following research tasks are planned: 1.) To characterize PZT fibers with parallel electrodes; the parallel electrode testing will determine baseline properties that will be compared to the IDE results and will also allow for quantification of the fiber geometry's impact on the bulk PZT properties. 2.) To characterize PZT fibers using IDE configuration; the characterization of PZT fibers ex-situ with the IDE configuration will convey the PZT fiber behavior in the AFC to assist in improving the AFC design. 3.) To experimentally determine Young's modulus, coercive field, remnant polarization, dielectric permittivity and both d33 and e33 piezoelectric coefficients of PZT fibers. To the best of our knowledge, these results will be the first dielectric permittivity, d33 and e33 values determined with direct measurement of PZT fibers using both parallel electrode and IDE configurations. These results will allow for direct comparison of bulk PZT and PZT fiber properties as well as the impact of the nonuniform electric filed generated by the IDE. The PZT fiber mechanical properties and dielectric permittivity measured with parallel electrodes were found to be approximately 65% of the bulk PZT fibers. The fiber's Young's modulus was determined to be 33 GPa and the dielectric permittivity determined to be 1115. The PZT fiber IDE remnant polarization, dielectric permittivity, and e33 results were found to be within the range of 50%-75% of the results found for parallel electrode configuration. The combined reduction found in the PZT fiber properties compared to bulk PZT leads to the conclusion that implementing the fiber properties into AFC models will result in a substantially different response.
Author: Nicholas Wyckoff Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) fibers are mainly used in active fiber composites (AFC) where they are embedded in a polymer matrix. The PZT fibers provide the electromechanical actuation and sensing capabilities derived from the inherent piezoelectricity of PZT. The role of the epoxy matrix is to transfer the external loads amongst the fibers while also serving as protection to enable more flexibility in the AFC device as a whole. Interdigitated electrodes (IDE) placed on the planar surfaces of the AFC are along the direction of the fibers, hereby exploiting the d33 coefficient of PZT, which is twice that of the d31 coefficient. Despite this clever strategy, the AFC electromechanical response is lower than that of bulk PZT. Although the polymer matrix has been widely studied, the PZT fibers have not. By directly characterizing the behavior of PZT fibers, recommendations to redesign of the AFC with the goal of improving its performance can be proposed. Therefore, it is important to characterize the electrical and electromechanical behavior of these fibers ex-situ using the IDE configuration to assess the impact of fiber configuration and non-uniform electric field on the piezoelectric response. For this reason, the broad goal of this thesis is to characterize the impact of IDE electrodes on the electrical and electromechanical behavior of PZT fibers, which is necessary for their successful implementation in devices like AFC. As mentioned above, limited research has been conducted on characterizing the behavior of PZT fibers, and no electrical characterization of individual PZT fibers has been done to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, to accomplish the broad goal of this study, the following research tasks are planned: 1.) To characterize PZT fibers with parallel electrodes; the parallel electrode testing will determine baseline properties that will be compared to the IDE results and will also allow for quantification of the fiber geometry's impact on the bulk PZT properties. 2.) To characterize PZT fibers using IDE configuration; the characterization of PZT fibers ex-situ with the IDE configuration will convey the PZT fiber behavior in the AFC to assist in improving the AFC design. 3.) To experimentally determine Young's modulus, coercive field, remnant polarization, dielectric permittivity and both d33 and e33 piezoelectric coefficients of PZT fibers. To the best of our knowledge, these results will be the first dielectric permittivity, d33 and e33 values determined with direct measurement of PZT fibers using both parallel electrode and IDE configurations. These results will allow for direct comparison of bulk PZT and PZT fiber properties as well as the impact of the nonuniform electric filed generated by the IDE. The PZT fiber mechanical properties and dielectric permittivity measured with parallel electrodes were found to be approximately 65% of the bulk PZT fibers. The fiber's Young's modulus was determined to be 33 GPa and the dielectric permittivity determined to be 1115. The PZT fiber IDE remnant polarization, dielectric permittivity, and e33 results were found to be within the range of 50%-75% of the results found for parallel electrode configuration. The combined reduction found in the PZT fiber properties compared to bulk PZT leads to the conclusion that implementing the fiber properties into AFC models will result in a substantially different response.
Author: Travis Carroll Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is a ceramic material that can be classified as a smart material. This ceramic material exhibits a piezoelectric behavior, which means it is capable of transforming mechanical motion into an electrical charge and vice versa. In order to enhance its use in structural health monitoring systems, PZT, which is typically available in wafer form, is extruded into fibers and used to fabricate active fiber composites (AFCs). In a typical AFC, PZT fibers that are aligned side by side are embedded into an epoxy matrix. Since PZT exhibits both the direct and converse piezoelectric effects, AFCs can be used as actuators, sensors, or both. In order to exploit its piezoelectricity, interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) are applied to the AFC assembly. Due to the special design of the electrodes, the applied electric field is along the fibers length, known as the 3 direction. Poling of the fibers is accomplished using these IDEs which results in a poling direction along their length; therefore, the directions of poling and mechanical actuation are the same. This directional manipulation is beneficial because the piezoelectric properties directed along the fibers length, or 33 properties, are stronger than those through their thickness, or 31 properties. The piezoelectric response of AFCs is lower than that of bulk PZT due to various factors. Many models have been developed to predict the electromechanical behaviors of AFCs, and many studies have been performed on the mechanical properties of the material components in an AFC. However, very little research has been done on determining the piezoelectric properties of individual PZT fibers in an IDE setup without the presence of the epoxy matrix affecting them. The goal of this thesis is to characterize individual PZT fiber piezoelectric properties in an IDE setup in order to make recommendations for improving the design of AFCs, further optimizing their performance and applications. To accomplish this goal, special attention is focused on how these fibers behave in an IDE setup in order to understand how they would respond electromechanically in an AFC. As previously mentioned, very little research has been done to characterize the piezoelectric properties of individual PZT fibers ex-situ using an IDE setup. To the best of our knowledge, only one research study on electromechanical characterization of individual fibers in an IDE setup has been performed. In this study, done by a former group member, the values obtained through experimental processes and computer-modeling differed. The difference was believed to be caused mostly by various issues with the experimental processes developed at the time. Therefore, this research study extends the previous electromechanical characterization process of individual PZT fibers by improving different aspects of the experimental processes used. The rationale is that improving the experiments will help close the gap between experimentally obtained and model predicted piezoelectric coefficients. The piezoelectric e33 and d33 coefficients are the main focus in this study. Experimental values for the induced stress coefficient (e33) are determined for individual fibers in both a parallel electrode and IDE configuration. Various aspects of the experiments are altered in order to improve the reported coefficient values. Additionally, the induced strain coefficient, d33, of individual fibers in an IDE setup is measured. Due to a lack of published results in the literature, finite element analysis (FEA) models are developed in order to validate the induced strain responses of a fiber in both a parallel electrode and IDE setup. Experimentally, e33 values are found to be 4.8 C/m2 in a parallel electrode setup and 3.5 C/m2 in an IDE setup. The IDE coefficient value was about 73% of the parallel electrode value, which was expected from the design characteristics of the IDE setup. Computer models of a fiber in a parallel electrode setup and IDE setup predict the d33 coefficients to be 256 pm/V and 185 pm/V respectively. Again, the IDE value is found to be about 72% of the parallel electrode value. Experimental results report an IDE d33 value of 166 pm/V. The main conclusion of this study confirms that the PZT fiber properties differ from those of bulk PZT; therefore, incorporating these fiber properties into AFC models will lead to more accurate predictions of AFC electromechanical behavior, driving the optimization of AFCs forward.
Author: Alper Erturk Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119991358 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 377
Book Description
The transformation of vibrations into electric energy through the use of piezoelectric devices is an exciting and rapidly developing area of research with a widening range of applications constantly materialising. With Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting, world-leading researchers provide a timely and comprehensive coverage of the electromechanical modelling and applications of piezoelectric energy harvesters. They present principal modelling approaches, synthesizing fundamental material related to mechanical, aerospace, civil, electrical and materials engineering disciplines for vibration-based energy harvesting using piezoelectric transduction. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting provides the first comprehensive treatment of distributed-parameter electromechanical modelling for piezoelectric energy harvesting with extensive case studies including experimental validations, and is the first book to address modelling of various forms of excitation in piezoelectric energy harvesting, ranging from airflow excitation to moving loads, thus ensuring its relevance to engineers in fields as disparate as aerospace engineering and civil engineering. Coverage includes: Analytical and approximate analytical distributed-parameter electromechanical models with illustrative theoretical case studies as well as extensive experimental validations Several problems of piezoelectric energy harvesting ranging from simple harmonic excitation to random vibrations Details of introducing and modelling piezoelectric coupling for various problems Modelling and exploiting nonlinear dynamics for performance enhancement, supported with experimental verifications Applications ranging from moving load excitation of slender bridges to airflow excitation of aeroelastic sections A review of standard nonlinear energy harvesting circuits with modelling aspects.
Author: Zhong Lin Wang Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 364234237X Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 254
Book Description
The fundamental principle of piezotronics and piezo-phototronics were introduced by Wang in 2007 and 2010, respectively. Due to the polarization of ions in a crystal that has non-central symmetry in materials, such as the wurtzite structured ZnO, GaN and InN, a piezoelectric potential (piezopotential) is created in the crystal by applying a stress. Owing to the simultaneous possession of piezoelectricity and semiconductor properties, the piezopotential created in the crystal has a strong effect on the carrier transport at the interface/junction. Piezotronics is for devices fabricated using the piezopotential as a “gate” voltage to control charge carrier transport at a contact or junction. The piezo-phototronic effect uses the piezopotential to control the carrier generation, transport, separation and/or recombination for improving the performance of optoelectronic devices, such as photon detector, solar cell and LED. The functionality offered by piezotroics and piezo-phototronics are complimentary to CMOS technology. There is an effective integration of piezotronic and piezo-phototronic devices with silicon based CMOS technology. Unique applications can be found in areas such as human-computer interfacing, sensing and actuating in nanorobotics, smart and personalized electronic signatures, smart MEMS/NEMS, nanorobotics and energy sciences. This book introduces the fundamentals of piezotronics and piezo-phototronics and advanced applications. It gives guidance to researchers, engineers and graduate students.
Author: Jing-Feng Li Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 3527345124 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 240
Book Description
Provides in-depth knowledge on lead-free piezoelectrics - for state-of-the-art, environmentally friendly electrical and electronic devices! Lead zirconate titanate ceramics have been market-dominating due to their excellent properties and flexibility in terms of compositional modifications. Driven by the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive, there is a growing concern on the toxicity of lead. Therefore, numerous research efforts were devoted to lead-free piezoelectrics from the beginning of this century. Great progress has been made in the development of high-performance lead-free piezoelectric ceramics which are already used, e.g., for power electronics applications. Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials provides an in-depth overview of principles, material systems, and applications of lead-free piezoelectric materials. It starts with the fundamentals of piezoelectricity and lead-free piezoelectrics. Then it discusses four representative lead-free piezoelectric material systems from background introduction to crystal structures and properties. Finally, it presents several applications of lead-free piezoelectrics including piezoelectric actuators, and transducers. The challenges for promoting applications will also be discussed. Highly attractive: Lead-free piezoelectrics address the growing concerns on exclusion of hazardous substances used in electrical and electronic devices in order to protect human health and the environment Thorough overview: Covers fundamentals, different classes of materials, processing and applications Unique: discusses fundamentals and recent advancements in the field of lead-free piezoelectrics Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials is of high interest for material scientists, electrical and chemical engineers, solid state chemists and physicists in academia and industry.
Author: Antonio Arnau Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9783540209980 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 348
Book Description
Piezoelectric Transducers and Applications provides a guide for graduate students and researchers to the current state of the art of this complex and multidisciplinary area. The book fills an urgent need for a unified source of information on piezoelectric devices and their astounding variety of existing and emerging applications. Some of the chapters focus more on the basic concepts of the different disciplines involved and are presented in a didactic manner. Others go deeper into the complex aspects of specific fields of research, thus reaching the technical level of a scientific paper. Among other topics resonant sensors, especially bulk acoustic wave thickness shear mode resonators, chemical and bio-sensors, as well as broadband ultrasonic systems are treated in-depth.
Author: Olga Korostynska Publisher: MDPI ISBN: 3036504265 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 350
Book Description
It is impossible to imagine the modern world without sensors, or without real-time information about almost everything—from local temperature to material composition and health parameters. We sense, measure, and process data and act accordingly all the time. In fact, real-time monitoring and information is key to a successful business, an assistant in life-saving decisions that healthcare professionals make, and a tool in research that could revolutionize the future. To ensure that sensors address the rapidly developing needs of various areas of our lives and activities, scientists, researchers, manufacturers, and end-users have established an efficient dialogue so that the newest technological achievements in all aspects of real-time sensing can be implemented for the benefit of the wider community. This book documents some of the results of such a dialogue and reports on advances in sensors and sensor systems for existing and emerging real-time monitoring applications.
Author: Harmeet Bhugra Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319286889 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 423
Book Description
This book introduces piezoelectric microelectromechanical (pMEMS) resonators to a broad audience by reviewing design techniques including use of finite element modeling, testing and qualification of resonators, and fabrication and large scale manufacturing techniques to help inspire future research and entrepreneurial activities in pMEMS. The authors discuss the most exciting developments in the area of materials and devices for the making of piezoelectric MEMS resonators, and offer direct examples of the technical challenges that need to be overcome in order to commercialize these types of devices. Some of the topics covered include: Widely-used piezoelectric materials, as well as materials in which there is emerging interest Principle of operation and design approaches for the making of flexural, contour-mode, thickness-mode, and shear-mode piezoelectric resonators, and examples of practical implementation of these devices Large scale manufacturing approaches, with a focus on the practical aspects associated with testing and qualification Examples of commercialization paths for piezoelectric MEMS resonators in the timing and the filter markets ...and more! The authors present industry and academic perspectives, making this book ideal for engineers, graduate students, and researchers.
Author: Nicholas Wyckoff
Author: Nicholas Wyckoff
Author: Travis Carroll
Author: Alper Erturk
Author: Ulrich Schmid
Author: Zhong Lin Wang
Author: Kenji Uchino
Author: Jing-Feng Li
Author: Antonio Arnau
Author: Olga Korostynska
Author: Harmeet Bhugra