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Author: Marianne K. BERNETT Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 25
Book Description
An investigation was made of the various factors operative in the displacement by organic liquid compounds of a bulk layer of any nonaqueous liquid from a solid surface. Although the solid surfaces used in the experiments were SAE 1020 steel and borosilicate glass, the results are readily applied to any solids. The nonaqueous pure liquids displaced were selected to cover the surface tension range and included n-hexadecane, ar-dibromoethylbenzene, tris8esyl phosphate, and propylene carbonate. A large number of well-defined displacing agents were investigated, of which the most efficient proved to be those where an optimum balance could be achieved between low surface tension, high equilibrium spreading pressure, and good solubility with respect to the organic substrate to be removed. Agents which were particularly effective for long-lasting or permanent displacement were certain classes of highly fluorinated organic compounds and lowmolecular-weight dimethyl silicones. Low-surface-tension polar hydrocarbons, such as n-alkanols, were effective for temporary displacement. The several mechanisms operative in liquid-liquid displacement from solid surfaces were investigated. It was shown that these results and generalizations include our earlier results on water displacement as a special (and extreme) case. (Author).
Author: Marianne K. BERNETT Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 25
Book Description
An investigation was made of the various factors operative in the displacement by organic liquid compounds of a bulk layer of any nonaqueous liquid from a solid surface. Although the solid surfaces used in the experiments were SAE 1020 steel and borosilicate glass, the results are readily applied to any solids. The nonaqueous pure liquids displaced were selected to cover the surface tension range and included n-hexadecane, ar-dibromoethylbenzene, tris8esyl phosphate, and propylene carbonate. A large number of well-defined displacing agents were investigated, of which the most efficient proved to be those where an optimum balance could be achieved between low surface tension, high equilibrium spreading pressure, and good solubility with respect to the organic substrate to be removed. Agents which were particularly effective for long-lasting or permanent displacement were certain classes of highly fluorinated organic compounds and lowmolecular-weight dimethyl silicones. Low-surface-tension polar hydrocarbons, such as n-alkanols, were effective for temporary displacement. The several mechanisms operative in liquid-liquid displacement from solid surfaces were investigated. It was shown that these results and generalizations include our earlier results on water displacement as a special (and extreme) case. (Author).
Author: Marianne K. Bernett Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 13
Book Description
Many liquid organic compounds that are effective in surface chemically displacing an adhering layer of a nonaqueous liquid from a solid surface are also effective when used in a solution in an appropriate nonaqueous solvent. Besides reducing the necessary quantity of active solute, the use of a solvent also greatly increases the variety of compounds effective in surface-chemical displacement by including compounds which are either solid (or very viscous) at ordinary temperatures. These principles were established by experiments on displacing hexadecane, propylene carbonate, and Navy Special Fuel Oil from the solid, clean surfaces of SAE 1020 steel, borosilicate glass, and a variety of polymeric organic solids used as insulating materials. Solvents used included common hydrocarbons, fluorinated hydrocarbons, or a combination of either. It was found that highly fluorinated alkanols and low-molecular-weight dimethyl silicones were especially well suited for temporary oil displacement when used in concentrations of only 0.05 to 5.0 wt-%. The duration of liquid displacement could be increased greatly by adding small concentrations (0.1 wt-%) of a compound capable of adsorbing from solution to form an oleophobic film on the solid surface; stearic acid and the higher molecular weight dimethyl silicones are good examples. Permanent oil-displacement from any type of surface was obtained by using concentrations as low as 0.02 wt-% of certain types of progressively fluorinated fatty acids. Applications of the solutions were equally effective whether they were by a dynamic means, such as by spraying or flushing, or by a combination of solution and subsequent ancompetitive adsorption, such as by dipping or immersion. (Author).
Author: Hayward Russell Baker Publisher: ISBN: Category : Adsorption Languages : en Pages : 14
Book Description
Bulk water films can be displaced from a solid surface by a spreading organic liquid which creates and maintains a surface tension gradient in the air/liquid interface. Such a gradient can be maintained if the spreading agent escapes from the air/water interface by solution or evaporation after a few centimeters of travel away from the point of application. The resulting movement of the surface film sweeps along the water beneath by viscous entrainment (Marangoni effect). Displacement is effective and lasting only when the displacing agent (or a surface-active material dissolved in it) is strongly adsorbed to form an insoluble hydrophobic film on the solid surface. Effective water-displacing agents at 20C should have the following properties: a spreading pressure above 25 dynes/cm on water a boiling point above 90C, and a solubility in water of between 2 and 25 percent by weight. The equilibrium spreading pressures for members of a given class of polar organic compounds decrease with rising boiling point. (These principles are well exemplified by a solution in normal butanol of 3 percent of basic barium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate.) Such water-displacing agents have been found suitable in numerous applications. (Author).
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Aeronautics Languages : en Pages : 1370
Book Description
Lists citations with abstracts for aerospace related reports obtained from world wide sources and announces documents that have recently been entered into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Database.
Author: Rajiv Kohli Publisher: William Andrew ISBN: 0323431720 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 214
Book Description
Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning: Methods for Surface Cleaning, Volume 9, part of the Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning series provide a state-of-the-art guide to the current knowledge on the behavior of film-type and particulate surface contaminants and their associated cleaning methods. This newest volume in the series discusses methods of surface cleaning of contaminants and the resources that are needed to deal with them. Taken as a whole, the series forms a unique reference for professionals and academics working in the area of surface contamination and cleaning. A strong theme running through the series is that of surface contamination and cleaning at the micro and nano scales. - Provides a comprehensive coverage of innovations in surface cleaning - Written by established experts in the surface cleaning field, presenting an authoritative resource - Contains a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art, including case studies to enhance the learning process
Author: Marianne K. BERNETT
Author: Marianne K. BERNETT
Author: Marianne K. Bernett
Author: Hayward Russell Baker
Author: Naval Research Laboratory (U.S.)
Author: 
Author: Rajiv Kohli
Author: 
Author: Andrew Lasslo
Author: 
Author: Sir Eric Keightley Rideal