Summer Habitat Preference of Beluga Whales (Delphinapterus Leucas) in Cook Inlet, Alaska PDF Download

Author: Kimberly T. Goetz
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Habitat conservation
Languages : en
Pages : 70

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Author: Donald J. Hansen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : White whale
Languages : en
Pages : 92

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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 204

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Author: Roderick C. Hobbs
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Endangered species
Languages : en
Pages : 76

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"The contraction of the range of this population northward into the upper Inlet makes it far more vulnerable to catastrophic events with the potential to kill a significant fraction of the population. The population is not growing at 2% to 6% per year as had been anticipated since the cessation of unregulated hunting. The population is discrete and unique with respect to the species, and if it should fail to survive, it is highly unlikely that Cook Inlet would be repopulated with belugas. This would result in a permanent loss of a significant portion of their. The importance of seasonal anadromous fish runs in Cook Inlet to belugas is evident. The bulk of their annual nutrition is acquired during the summer months. Belugas in cook Inlet are unique to Alaska given their summer habitat is in close proximity to the largest urban area in the state. While the impact of disease and parasitism on this population has not been quantified, this population is at greater risk because of its small size and limited range such that a novel disease would spread easily through this population. The PVA shows a 26% probability of extinction in 100 years and 70% probability of extinction in 300 years (for the model assuming one predation mortality per year and a 5% annual probability of an unusual mortality event killing 20% of the population). It is likely that the Cook Inlet beluga population will continue to decline or go extinct over the next 300 years unless factors determining its growth and survival are altered in its favor"--P. xv.

Author: Hans Slabbekoorn
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 1493985744
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 322

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Over the past several years, many investigators interested in the effects of man-made sounds on animals have come to realize that there is much to gain from studying the broader literature on hearing sound and the effects of sound as well as data from the effects on humans. It has also become clear that knowledge of the effects of sound on one group of animals (e.g., birds or frogs) can guide studies on other groups (e.g., marine mammals or fishes) and that a review of all such studies together would be very useful to get a better understanding of the general principles and underlying cochlear and cognitive mechanisms that explain damage, disturbance, and deterrence across taxa. The purpose of this volume, then, is to provide a comprehensive review of the effects of man-made sounds on animals, with the goal of fulfilling two major needs. First, it was thought to be important to bring together data on sound and bioacoustics that have implications across all taxa (including humans) so that such information is generally available to the community of scholars interested in the effects of sound. This is done in Chaps. 2-5. Second, in Chaps. 6-10, the volume brings together what is known about the effects of sound on diverse vertebrate taxa so that investigators with interests in specific groups can learn from the data and experimental approaches from other species. Put another way, having an overview of the similarities and discrepancies among various animal groups and insight into the “how and why” will benefit the overall conceptual understanding, applications in society, and all future research.

Author: Kristin L. Laidre
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : White whale
Languages : en
Pages : 33

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The following report contains detailed information on the movement patterns of beluga whales that were satellite-tagged in 1999 and 2000 in Cook Inlet, Alaska. The seasonal movements and dive patterns of three whales CI-9901, CI-0001, and CI-0002 were analyzed, and movement data from the whales tagged in 2000 were referenced to in a subsequent paper by Hobbs et al. (2005). However, the detailed analyses of diving behavior and movement patterns of these individual whales were never made available until now. The seasonal movements and dive patterns of three belugas in Cook Inlet, Alaska, were monitored between June and January 1999-2000 using satellite telemetry. One adult male whale was tagged on 30 May 1999 and tracked until 16 September 1999 (109 days), and one juvenile female and one adult male were tagged on 13 September 2000 and tracked until 2 (115 days) and 18 January 2001 (124 days), respectively. Whales remained in the inlet the entire time they were tracked. Mean dive depths across the entire tracking period ranged from 2.6 m (SD = 5.2) to 5.2 m (SD = 8.8). Mean dive durations ranged from 1.4 minutes (SD = 2.0) to 3.1 minutes (SD = 4.1). Overall mean time at surface (between 0 and 1 m) ranged from 23% to 70% and appeared to be related to season and location. Behavioral periods were identified for each whale (4-60 days) based on stationary movements in a particular part of the inlet and unique diving behavior during that time. Significant differences were found between diving behavior and tidal rate of change and direction, as well as whale location and average sea-ice concentration. Belugas in Cook Inlet display seasonal variation in dive behavior and movement patterns, both of which have implications for sightings rates, correction factors, and abundance estimates obtained for the population. [doi:10.7289/V5AFSC-PR-2017-08 (https://doi.org/10.7289/V5/AFSC-PR-2017-08)].

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic journals
Languages : en
Pages : 444

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Author: Kim E. W. Shelden
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Mammal surveys
Languages : en
Pages : 226

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Cook Inlet beluga whales, Delphinapterus leucas, are currently listed as 'Endangered' under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) began monitoring this population during the 1990s after it was added to the ESA Candidate Species list in 1988. Monitoring efforts included aerial surveys, and in 1995, the first attempts to capture and satellite-tag whales. Working with Canadian scientists and Alaska Native subsistence hunters in 1995 and 1997, tagging methods were adapted to conditions in Cook Inlet (muddy water, extreme tides, and extensive mudflats), culminating in successful capture and tracking of a whale during the summer of 1999. This was followed by three more years of capture and tagging studies during late summer. Tags were attached to 18 whales between 1999 and 2002. We do not have detailed accounts of these later tagging seasons (e.g., similar to the Appendix chronicling events from the 1997 and 1999 seasons in Ferrero et al. (2000)). Litzky et al. (2001) summarized field operations for the 2000 tagging season, but no reports exist for 2001 and 2002. A reanalysis of the tag dataset (Goetz et al. 2012) led to questions about the captures and how tags were programmed during this time period. Given the Cook Inlet population has continued to decline (Hobbs et al. 2015, Shelden et al. 2017), and was listed as an Endangered Distinct Population Segment under the ESA in October 2008 (NOAA 2008), future recommendations for tagging will depend on lessons learned from these past projects. Lacking detailed field reports, we consolidated information from multiple sources. Herein, we bring these varied sources together to provide a thorough documentation of the tagging operations undertaken in Cook Inlet each summer in 2000, 2001, and 2002. We include revised tag transmission timelines, monthly movement maps, dive behavior data, and ice-association graphs and maps for all whales (where applicable) tagged in 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002. Whale locations were compared to sighting records (opportunistic and systematic) to determine how many whales were likely proximate to tagged whales. Animations of whale movements are available at http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/News/Cook_Inlet_Beluga_Range_Contracted.htm (accessed 17 Aug. 2016). Beginning with the 2000 season, each whale underwent a health assessment at the time of tagging. Results from laboratory analyses of the blood, blubber, skin, and mucus samples are presented. These include results obtained for hematology and serum chemistry values, hormones, DNA extractions, blubber lipid composition, fatty acid profiles, stable isotope ratios, and persistent organic pollutant profiles. We also provide a follow-up to the tagging study, describing captured and tagged whales that have been photo-documented since 2005 by the Cook Inlet Beluga Whale Photo-identification Project (https://www.cookinletbelugas.com/).

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Endangered species
Languages : en
Pages : 16

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"The endangered Cook Inlet beluga whale was chosen as one of the eight most at-risk species because this declining population of small whales shares Cook Inlet with Alaska's human population center, transportation hub, and largest concentration of industrial activity. The population has declined by nearly 75% since 1979, from about 1,300 whales to an estimated 340 whales in 2014. The rapid decline and dire status of the Cook Inlet beluga whale population makes it a priority for NMFS and our partners to prevent extinction and promote recovery of this iconic species"--page 2, paragraph 1.

Author: Stephanie A. Norman
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781267662675
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Cook Inlet, Alaska belugas (CIB) (Delphinapterus leucas) are a genetically and geographically isolated wild stock, residing in the upper Inlet's waters year-round. This small, declining population was listed as endangered in 2008. Relatively little research has been conducted on diseases and environmental threats to this stock that may play a role in their decline and long-term viability. To date, impacts of disease, anthropogenic drivers, and environmental factors on population dynamics have not been well characterized. Four studies were conducted to help evaluate CIB health and survival threats: 1) characterization of hematology and serum chemistry values in Bristol Bay belugas (BBB), a healthy growing population, for comparison to CIB, 2) characterization of hematology and serum chemistry variation patterns from captive belugas over 22 years, to provide methods applicable to wild populations such as CIB, 3) development of a model using anthropogenic and environmental factors to demonstrate CIB population trajectories based on survival and fecundity rates in a simulated population, and 4) evaluation of fecal pathogens and contributing fecal host sources to surface waters and sediment in areas of upper CI that overlap critical beluga habitat. Results from the first study showed that mean hematocrit, chloride, creatinine, total protein (TP), albumin, and alkaline phosphatase were significantly lower in May than they were in September, whereas mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, monocytes, phosphorous, magnesium, blood urea nitrogen, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, and creatinine kinase were significantly higher. Mean TP, white blood cell count, neutrophils, and lymphocytes were significantly higher early in the capture period than they were later. No significant differences in blood analyte values were noted between males and females. Usingoverall body length as a proxy for age, larger (older) belugas had lower white blood cell, lymphocyte, and eosinophil counts as well as lower sodium, potassium, and calcium levels but higher creatinine levels than smaller belugas. In this study, the most striking differences in analyte values for BBB were seasonal, and the analyte value variability noted for age and sex was similar to that seen in other studied wild beluga populations. Based on bloodwork values, BBB appeared to adapt to capture and handling. The BBB bloodwork established useful baselines for further monitoring of this population and future comparisons to BBB. Results from the second study, in which blood analyte variation was evaluated in a captive beluga population, demonstrated that many blood analytes differed based on whale sex and age. For many blood analytes, similar circannual variation patterns were observed across facility location, and seasonal variation was also observed. These findings from a long-term assessment of individual analyte variation in healthy cetaceans agree with previous reports that many blood analytes differ significantly between partitioning factors such as age groups and seasons. Age, seasonality, and sex were important determinants for a majority of the blood analytes, therefore, the variability of these variables should be accounted for when investigating health trends over time. The use of an age-structured population model to assess the impact of stressors on CIB fecundity and survival demonstrated that decreases in fecundity probability had a smaller effect on population growth compared to decreases in survival probability, for the same magnitude of modification. Results furthermore suggested that supplementing census data with age-structured modeling can improve the detection and projection of changes in survivorship and fecundity of endangered populations. The results from study three demonstrated an efficient and non-invasive method to help determine the magnitude of a stressor that would likely result in the observed decline of the CIB population that could also be applied to other populations. In addition, the results can identify hypothetical causes of the decline and what stressors justify additional resources for study. In the last study, determining fecal pathogen pollution patterns and sources, the most common host source fecal marker was human source, followed by the livestock marker that may also represent large wildlife hosts such as moose and deer. The prevalence of Giardia was greater than that for Cryptosporidium, overall and by matrix type. Salmonella was not detected. Vibrio was more prevalent in sediment than in water for both months. Norovirus was detected in water samples but not in sediment. The most prevalent fecal host source marker detected overall was human, followed by livestock. Human-host Bacteroidales marker prevalence was greatest in water both months, followed by livestock in water and canine and avian in sediment. Fecal coliform counts in surface waters were within Alaska water quality standards, and were 10-100x greater in sediment. In unadjusted regression analyses, water was found more likely to be positive for either protozoal organism compared to sediment. In the final study, the greatest contribution of tested fecal host-specific markers appeared to be from human sources. Exposure of belugas to pathogens in waters where they most often congregate and socialize should be a consideration. In addition, exposure of marine life and humans to potential fecal pathogens may be influenced by climatic and anthropogenic factors and should be considered when evaluating fecal monitoring programs. Findings from these studies will contribute to current knowledge of CIB health and aid conservation policy in terms of: management of endangered species; the integration of wildlife conservation with population health interventions; and applicability to other endangered or threatened marine life.