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Author: Claire B. Discenza Publisher: ISBN: 9781267066374 Category : Languages : en Pages : 67
Book Description
Much can be learned about the functional organization of the visual system by examining its anatomy. In traditionally-studied cat and primate species, certain morphological types of retinal ganglion cells project to specific thalamic and then cortical layers, separated by eye in each region. In addition, physiology shows that information is segregated by functional cell type; each layer is a complete or near-complete map of some aspect of the world such as form and motion. This results in a system that can easily distribute specialized information without disrupting the larger visuo-spatial map. While the layers of the macaque retino-recipient thalamus are easily discernible due to the correlation between cytoarchitecture and function, the rat geniculate appears to have no such patterning. As the rat is a favorable research model, it is important to understand how its brain is set up to tackle the same visual problems as that of higher mammals. The purpose of this project was to describe substructure within the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, with the goal of learning more about how the anatomical organization might give insight into function. To visualize the anatomy, I intra-occularly injected retrograde tracer to map retinal termini throughout the nucleus. Based on three-dimensional reconstructions of termination zones from each eye, I identified multiple ipsilaterally-recipient zones within the largely contralateral thalamic nucleus. These ipsilateral subregions are more reminiscent of the layering in the primate thalamus than previously described in the rat. Furthermore, the nucleus appears to be well segregated by eye, suggesting that, like in these other species, the rat thalamus passes on information without binocular mixing. My findings also support the hypothesis that, unlike in the primate, rat cell bodies throughout the layers appear to be cytoarchitecturally homogeneous. While we can glean insight into the function of macaque thalamic layers by looking at cell-body statistics such as size and density, no such patterns can be seen in the rat. Among other possibilities, this could mean that rat projection neurons have similar morphologies, or that functional cell types are intermingled and not spatially organized as they are in other species.
Author: Claire B. Discenza Publisher: ISBN: 9781267066374 Category : Languages : en Pages : 67
Book Description
Much can be learned about the functional organization of the visual system by examining its anatomy. In traditionally-studied cat and primate species, certain morphological types of retinal ganglion cells project to specific thalamic and then cortical layers, separated by eye in each region. In addition, physiology shows that information is segregated by functional cell type; each layer is a complete or near-complete map of some aspect of the world such as form and motion. This results in a system that can easily distribute specialized information without disrupting the larger visuo-spatial map. While the layers of the macaque retino-recipient thalamus are easily discernible due to the correlation between cytoarchitecture and function, the rat geniculate appears to have no such patterning. As the rat is a favorable research model, it is important to understand how its brain is set up to tackle the same visual problems as that of higher mammals. The purpose of this project was to describe substructure within the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, with the goal of learning more about how the anatomical organization might give insight into function. To visualize the anatomy, I intra-occularly injected retrograde tracer to map retinal termini throughout the nucleus. Based on three-dimensional reconstructions of termination zones from each eye, I identified multiple ipsilaterally-recipient zones within the largely contralateral thalamic nucleus. These ipsilateral subregions are more reminiscent of the layering in the primate thalamus than previously described in the rat. Furthermore, the nucleus appears to be well segregated by eye, suggesting that, like in these other species, the rat thalamus passes on information without binocular mixing. My findings also support the hypothesis that, unlike in the primate, rat cell bodies throughout the layers appear to be cytoarchitecturally homogeneous. While we can glean insight into the function of macaque thalamic layers by looking at cell-body statistics such as size and density, no such patterns can be seen in the rat. Among other possibilities, this could mean that rat projection neurons have similar morphologies, or that functional cell types are intermingled and not spatially organized as they are in other species.
Author: Wibke S. Müller-Forell Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 354027989X Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 454
Book Description
Deals with imaging of pathology of the visual system. This book is divided into two parts, general and special. In the general part, important basics of modern imaging methods are discussed. The knowledge on the indication, technique, and results of functional MR imaging is also presented.
Author: E. Braak Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642685722 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 95
Book Description
Primary cortical areas receive a defmed input which makes them especially appropria te for investigating cortical functions. The striate area is the only isocortical field which can be delineated unequivocally in the human brain. Nevertheless, there have been only a few morphological studies of this particular area (cytoarchitectonic studies: Bailey and Von Bonin 1951, Beck 1934, Von Economo and Koskinas 1925, Filimo noff 1932; myeloarchitectonic studies: Sanides and Vitzthum 1965, Vogt and Vogt 1919; pigmentoarchitectonic studies: Braak H 1976, 1977). For Golgi impregnations, Ramon y Cajal (1900, 1909-1911), Conel (1939-1967), and Shkol'nik-Yarros (1971) preferred the incompletely myelinated material taken from brains of young childre- a fact that somewhat restricts their descriptions of the human striate area. Pigment preparations (Braak H 1978) provide a detailed view of the lamination of cortical areas. Furthermore, many types of cortical nerve cells reveal a typicallipofus cin-pigment pattern (Braak H 1974a). Thus, a correlation can be drawn between the type of neuron as classified in Golgi preparations and the characteristic number and distribution of lipofuscin granules found in the cell body. Neurolipofuscin granules can therefore be considered the internal markers. In this study several cell types of the striate area have been identified under light and electron microscopes by means of their characteristic pigmentation.
Author: Chikako Tanaka Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9783764352844 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 354
Book Description
Highlighting the current developments and future directions in GABA research, the ambitious aim of this topical volume is to cover GABA from the molecular mechanisms of its transmission to new targets for pharmaceutical research. Distinguished scientists at the forefront of GABA research were invited to contribute reviews on glutamate decarboxylase and autoimmunity, molecular structure and functional regulation of GABA transporters, transmitter release and GABA receptor regulation, GABA receptor subtypes and functional regulation, and GABA receptor ligands and their therapeutic application. Describing the latest advances in what has become a rapidly-evolving field, this volume will prove immensely valuable to neuroscientists, pharmacologists, biochemists, and physiologists working in the field of GABA research.
Author: H. Braak Publisher: Springer ISBN: 9783642815249 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
This is a timely opus. Most of us now are too young to remember the unpleasant ring of a polemic between those who produced "hair-splitting" parcellations of the cortex (to paraphrase one of O. Vogt's favourite expressions) and those who saw the cortex as a homogeneous matrix sus taining the reverberations of EEG waves (to paraphrase Bailey and von Bonin). One camp accused the other of producing bogus preparations with a paint brush, and the other way around the accusation was that of poor eye-sight. Artefacts of various sorts were invoked to explain the opponent's error, ranging from perceptual effects (Mach bands crispening the areal borders) to poor fixation supposedly due to perfusion too soon (!) after death. I have heard most of this directly from the protagonists' mouths. The polemic was not resolved but it has mellowed with age and ultimately faded out. I was relieved to see that Professor Braak elegantly avoids dis cussion of an extrememist tenet, that of "hair-sharp" areal boundaries, which makes little sense in developmental biology and is irrelevant to neurophysiology. It was actually detrimental to cortical neuroanatomy, since its negation led to the idea that structurally distinct areas are not at all existent. Yet, nobody would deny the reality of five fingers on one hand even if the detailed assignment of every epidermal cell to one finger or another is obviously impossible.
Author: Roy Webster Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 9780471978190 Category : Medical Languages : de Pages : 550
Book Description
Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function aims to link basic aspects of the activity of neurotransmitters at the receptor and synaptic level with their role in normal brain function, disease states, and drug action. Thus, the material considers to what extent our knowledge of the central synaptic action of certain drugs can explain their possible roles in the cause of diseases and in the modes of action of drugs effective in those conditions. It offers a working explanation of drug and neurotransmitter action in CNS function, with a clear, comprehensive, and challenging style of writing. The authors review the chemical basis for drugs and the conditions they treat. It also, includes numerous illustrations and schematic diagrams.
Author: Helena Jelínková Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0857097547 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 827
Book Description
Lasers have a wide and growing range of applications in medicine. Lasers for Medical Applications summarises the wealth of recent research on the principles, technologies and application of lasers in diagnostics, therapy and surgery. Part one gives an overview of the use of lasers in medicine, key principles of lasers and radiation interactions with tissue. To understand the wide diversity and therefore the large possible choice of these devices for a specific diagnosis or treatment, the respective types of the laser (solid state, gas, dye, and semiconductor) are reviewed in part two. Part three describes diagnostic laser methods, for example optical coherence tomography, spectroscopy, optical biopsy, and time-resolved fluorescence polarization spectroscopy. Those methods help doctors to refine the scope of involvement of the particular body part or, for example, to specify the extent of a tumor. Part four concentrates on the therapeutic applications of laser radiation in particular branches of medicine, including ophthalmology, dermatology, cardiology, urology, gynecology, otorhinolaryngology (ORL), neurology, dentistry, orthopaedic surgery and cancer therapy, as well as laser coatings of implants. The final chapter includes the safety precautions with which the staff working with laser instruments must be familiar. With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, this important book summarizes international achievements in the field of laser applications in medicine in the past 50 years. It provides a valuable contribution to laser medicine by outstanding experts in medicine and engineering. Describes the interaction of laser light with tissue Reviews every type of laser used in medicine: solid state, gas, dye and semiconductor Describes the use of lasers for diagnostics
Author: Laura Barsanti Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 0203492595 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 320
Book Description
An exhaustive review on all things algae would require a multi-volume encyclopedic work. Even then, such a tome would prove to be of limited value, as in addition to being quite complex, it would soon be outdated, as the field of phycology is full of continual revelations and new discoveries. Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology o
Author: Leonard F. M. Scinto Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1592590055 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 366
Book Description
Drs. Leonard Scinto and Kirk Daffner provide a comprehensive survey of new diagnostic approaches to Alzheimer's disease. The authoritative contributors critically survey the most promising current research on early diagnostic markers for Alzheimer's disease, including the elucidation of changes in the brain revealed by structural and functional neuroimaging, as well as the characteristic patterns of cognitive decline that are documented by sensitive neuropsychological tests, various genetic markers, and biological assays. Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease illuminates the complex issues surrounding the search for early markers of this increasingly widespread disease. It will establish a new standard reference guide for all those working with Alzheimer's patients.
Author: Claire B. Discenza
Author: Claire B. Discenza
Author: Wibke S. Müller-Forell
Author: E. Braak
Author: 
Author: Chikako Tanaka
Author: H. Braak
Author: Roy Webster
Author: Helena Jelínková
Author: Laura Barsanti
Author: Leonard F. M. Scinto