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Author: Benjamin James Mullins Publisher: ISBN: Category : Aerosols Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Abstract: This thesis examines the particle capture, fibre wetting and droplet flow processes within wet filters collecting solid and liquid aerosols and within filters collecting only liquid aerosols. The processes involved in this type of filtration were examined through a series of experiments and models developed to describe the behaviour of fibre/liquid systems. -- This work can be summarized in 4 categories: (1) The bounce and immediate re-entrainment of liquid and solid monodisperse aerosols under a stable filtration regime (pre cake formation) by wet and dry fibrous filters. In this work it was found that the solid particles generally exhibited a lower fractional filtration efficiency than liquid particles (of the same size), although this difference decreased in the smaller size fractions. However, for the wet filtration regime (each fibre of the filter was coated by a film of water), no significant difference in filtration efficiency was detectable between solid and liquid aerosols. Either the bounce effect of the particles is inhibited by the liquid film, or the filtration conditions in the wet filter are so different that the aerosol properties are less significant with respect to capture. (2) A microscopic study of the effect of fibre orientation on the fibre wetting process and flow of liquid droplets along filter fibres when subjected to airflow and gravity forces was conducted. The flow of the liquid collected by the fibres was observed and measured using a specially developed micro-cell, detailed in the thesis. The experimental results were compared to a theoretical model developed to describe the flow of droplets on fibres. The theory and experimental results showed a good agreement. A sensitivity analysis of the model was performed which showed the droplet radius to be the most significant parameter. The model has the potential to improve filter self-cleaning and minimise water use. (3) An experimental study of the capture of solid and liquid (oil) aerosols on fibrous filters wetted with water. Variable quantities of liquid irrigation were used, and the possibility for subsequent fibre regeneration after clogging or drying was also studied. It was found that self-cleaning (removal of solid aerosols by water) occurred even under heavily dust-laden conditions, and post evaporation of water. With the collection of oil aerosols on fibres wetted with water, a predominance of the barrel shaped droplet on the fibre was observed, with oil droplets displacing water droplets (if the oil and fibre combination created a barrel shaped droplet), creating various compound droplets of oil and water not previously reported in literature. (4) An extensive experimental investigation of the wetting processes of fibre/liquid systems during air filtration (when drag and gravitational forces are acting) has shown many important features, including droplet extension, oscillatory motion, and detachment from fibres as airflow velocity increases. The droplet oscillation is believed to be induced by the onset of the transition from laminar to turbulent flow as droplet size increases. To model such oscillation it was necessary to create a new conceptual model to account for the forces both inducing and preventing such oscillation. The agreement between the model and experimental results is satisfactory for both the radial and transverse oscillations.
Author: Benjamin James Mullins Publisher: ISBN: Category : Aerosols Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Abstract: This thesis examines the particle capture, fibre wetting and droplet flow processes within wet filters collecting solid and liquid aerosols and within filters collecting only liquid aerosols. The processes involved in this type of filtration were examined through a series of experiments and models developed to describe the behaviour of fibre/liquid systems. -- This work can be summarized in 4 categories: (1) The bounce and immediate re-entrainment of liquid and solid monodisperse aerosols under a stable filtration regime (pre cake formation) by wet and dry fibrous filters. In this work it was found that the solid particles generally exhibited a lower fractional filtration efficiency than liquid particles (of the same size), although this difference decreased in the smaller size fractions. However, for the wet filtration regime (each fibre of the filter was coated by a film of water), no significant difference in filtration efficiency was detectable between solid and liquid aerosols. Either the bounce effect of the particles is inhibited by the liquid film, or the filtration conditions in the wet filter are so different that the aerosol properties are less significant with respect to capture. (2) A microscopic study of the effect of fibre orientation on the fibre wetting process and flow of liquid droplets along filter fibres when subjected to airflow and gravity forces was conducted. The flow of the liquid collected by the fibres was observed and measured using a specially developed micro-cell, detailed in the thesis. The experimental results were compared to a theoretical model developed to describe the flow of droplets on fibres. The theory and experimental results showed a good agreement. A sensitivity analysis of the model was performed which showed the droplet radius to be the most significant parameter. The model has the potential to improve filter self-cleaning and minimise water use. (3) An experimental study of the capture of solid and liquid (oil) aerosols on fibrous filters wetted with water. Variable quantities of liquid irrigation were used, and the possibility for subsequent fibre regeneration after clogging or drying was also studied. It was found that self-cleaning (removal of solid aerosols by water) occurred even under heavily dust-laden conditions, and post evaporation of water. With the collection of oil aerosols on fibres wetted with water, a predominance of the barrel shaped droplet on the fibre was observed, with oil droplets displacing water droplets (if the oil and fibre combination created a barrel shaped droplet), creating various compound droplets of oil and water not previously reported in literature. (4) An extensive experimental investigation of the wetting processes of fibre/liquid systems during air filtration (when drag and gravitational forces are acting) has shown many important features, including droplet extension, oscillatory motion, and detachment from fibres as airflow velocity increases. The droplet oscillation is believed to be induced by the onset of the transition from laminar to turbulent flow as droplet size increases. To model such oscillation it was necessary to create a new conceptual model to account for the forces both inducing and preventing such oscillation. The agreement between the model and experimental results is satisfactory for both the radial and transverse oscillations.
Author: Harald Anlauf Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 3527820639 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 210
Book Description
Guides readers through the entire process of liquid filtrations, from a basic understanding and lab scale testing to advanced process applications and up-scaling of processes Wet Cake Filtration is a key method in solid-liquid separation and plays an important role in many industrial processes from the separation of solid products from a liquid, to removing contaminants in wastewater treatment. Furthermore, separation processes are rarely isolated and the integration as well as necessary pre-treatments in the process chain must be carefully considered and implemented. Supported by more than 40 years of research, development, and teaching, this book provides a comprehensive treatment of all relevant aspects in wet cake filtration as a key method in solid-liquid-separation. The first part of Wet Cake Filtration: Fundamentals, Equipment, Strategies discusses general principles and applications of wet cake filtration, determination of proper feed streams, and filter cake formation. The next chapters deal with variations of pre-treatment and process conditions, including necessary aspects of lab scale tests, up-scaling, and filter design. This is further strengthened with chapters examining particle purification, yield maximization, and cake deliquoring. Lastly, the filter media is discussed as the central piece of wet cake filtration. Beside the different possibilities of available filter media structures and process relevant aspects of filter media selection, the reliable characterization of pore sizes by porometry and innovative additional functionalities are introduced. -Provides information on wet cake filtration?the necessary pre-treatments and process considerations?to guide the reader to develop or improve their own processes -Offers the necessary tools that allow the engineer to transform a lab scale test into a scaled-up process -Presents cake filtration process-related topics like slurry characterization or slurry pretreatment, and special developments such as hyperbaric filtration or steam pressure filtration -Discusses promising new processes like gasless cake desaturation and shrinkage crack free cake desaturation Wet Cake Filtration is a must-have resource for every engineer working with wet cake filtration, including water chemists, catalytic chemists, food chemists, chemical engineers, biotechnologists, and process engineers.
Author: Nicholas P Cheremisinoff Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0080510361 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 333
Book Description
Liquid Filtration is a state-of-the-art review of liquid filtration in the chemical process and allied industries. Interpretations of the phenomenological observations of the hydrodynamics of filtration are given in the hopes of establishing more theoretical and generalized bases of design methodology. Specific design and selection criteria are reviewed, and typical industrial problems and their solutions are presented. Nicholas Cheremisinoff is known internationally as one of the foremost engineers with Exxon and as the author of numerous books, articles and periodical contributions. Most recently his international consulting role has seen him active the Ukraine, part of the former Soviet Union, where the modernising of these industrial processes has been key. Liquid Filtration is a fundamental unit operation extensively practiced throughout the chemical process, petroleum, and allied industries. It involves the separation, removal, and collection of a discrete phase of matter existing in a dispersed or colloidal state in suspension. This separation is most often performed in the presence of a complex media structure in which physical, physiochemical and/or electrokinetic forces interact. - Guide to an essential industrial operation - Single reference source for many industries - Author has world-wide experience and reputation
Author: Philip Brown Publisher: Woodhead Publishing ISBN: 0081005822 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 318
Book Description
Fibrous Filter Media comprehensively covers the types, manufacture, applications, performance, and modeling of fibrous filter media. Part I introduces the principles of gas and liquid filtration, while Part II presents an overview of the types of fibrous filters, including details of fiber types, fabric construction, and applications. Part III covers a variety of filtration applications in which fibrous assemblies are used, with examples ranging from filtration for improving air quality, to medical filters, to industrial waste-water filtration. Finally, Part III covers the properties and performance of fibrous filters, including chapters on filter performance and simulation. With its expert editors and international team of contributors, this important book provides information on fibrous filters relevant to fiber and textile scientists, and is also ideal for academics and industry professionals working in the field of filtration. Dr. Philip Brown is Sweetenburg Professor of polymer and textile engineering at Clemson University, USA. Dr. Christopher Cox is Professor of mathematical sciences at Clemson University, USA. - Systematic and comprehensive coverage of the trends and new technologies being developed in the field of fibrous filter media - Focused on the needs of the textiles and filtration industries, with a clear emphasis on applied technology - Contains contributions from an international team of authors edited by an expert in the field
Author: Chi Tien Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0444563660 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 353
Book Description
This book covers filtration in various modes of operation for both solid/gas and solid/liquid suspensions. It provides the necessary knowledge and background information to prepare and equip persons who are interested in serious filtration work. It is a useful reference/text for students and practicing engineers. It can also be adopted as an advanced text book for various engineering courses in chemical, environmental, mechanical and metallurgical engineering. The book presents analysis and treatment of filtration processes employing different filter media operating in various modes for both gas/solid and liquid/solid systems. Presents a concise overview of filtration enabling full understanding of the applications as well as theunderlying theoretical foundations Presents filtration techniques in its entirety, i.e. gas/solid and liquid.solid separations and outlines their differences, coverage not found in any of the existing publications Presents rational procedures for analysing experimental data in a clear and easy to understand fashion by students and engineers Includes numerous illustrative examples enabling understanding of the underlying theory and selection of the most suitable solution for the particular application Provides detailed filter parameters (efficiency coefficients) vital in the design of filters Includes problems and solutions at the end of each chapter connecting the theoretical concepts with the practical aspects for engineers Written by the top expert on the subject of filtration
Author: N. Pan Publisher: Woodhead Pub Limited ISBN: 9781845691639 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 93
Book Description
The Textile Progress monograph series provides a critical and comprehensive examination of the origination and application of developments in the textile industry and its products. This issue reviews recent developments in the understanding of the fundamentals of liquid transport phenomena in fibrous materials, and deals with a wide range of issues, many of which are complex and thus still inadequately understood.
Author: Igor Evgenevich Agranovski Publisher: ISBN: Category : Aerosols Languages : en Pages : 404
Book Description
Abstract: The problem of filtration of liquid aerosols by both wettable and nonwettable filters has been extensively studied and the results of the theoretical calculations together with the experimental results are presented. More realistic models of filtration by both wettable and nonwettable filters have been developed and verified experimentally.--A new instrument has been developed, and used in the experiments, for the measurement of the absolute concentration of aerosols in the gas stream. This instrument is based on the measurement of the initial vapour content of the gas stream simultaneously with the measurement of the vapour content after the total evaporation of aerosol. The concentration of the aerosol is calculated as the difference between these two values. The instrument was developed to provide fast and accurate measurements of aerosol concentration. The main advantages of the instrument are: high accuracy, simplicity of measurement, possibility of use for a wide range of substances, perfect suitability of operation for automatic monitoring technologies, etc. All rights for this instrument have been reserved and the fully automatic version will be available in the near future.--It was found that the efficiency of filtration of aerosol on the wettable filter depends on the thickness of the liquid film on the fibre. This parameter was taken into account in the development of a theoretical model of filtration on wettable fibrous filters. The particle breakthrough problem has been solved by the optimisation of the aspect ratio (the ratio of the height by width) of the wettable filter. On this basis, industrial devices have been developed, patented, and implemented in industry. These devices provide a stable operating efficiency of higher than 99%.--It was found experimentally that the efficiency of filtration of aerosol on the nonwettable filter depends on the diameter of the drop suspended on the filter, and on the area of the filter blocked by drops: this influences the velocity of filtration. All these parameters were taken into account in the development of a theoretical model of filtration on nonwettable fibrous filters.--On the basis of this model, satisfactorily verified by the experiments, an industrial device has been developed. The harnessing of atomisers makes it possible to maintain the efficiency of filtration higher than 99%, even with a relatively high velocity of filtration of 2.7m/s. The new technology is tackling the problem of handling huge amounts of exhaust gases and this is particularly important for cramped installations when the space available for the air pollution control technology is quite limited.--A highly efficient gas cleaning technology has been developed. This technology is based on combining two stages (wet scrubber and filter) of currently utilised air pollution control devices by submerging the fibrous filter into the liquid on the plate. The new device provides an effective division of the main gas stream into ultra-small bubbles which increase the contact area between the gas and liquid phases. It was estimated theoretically and verified experimentally that the efficiency of the proposed 'combined' technology, is 45% higher than the efficiency of the two stages technology. The technology has been patented and will be offered for industrial implementation in the near future.
Author: Benjamin James Mullins
Author: Benjamin James Mullins
Author: Gary S. Earnest
Author: Harald Anlauf
Author: Nicholas P Cheremisinoff
Author: Philip Brown
Author: Chi Tien
Author: Hsu-Chi Yeh
Author: N. Pan
Author: Igor Evgenevich Agranovski
Author: Clyde Orr