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Author: Richard L. Liboff Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 16
Book Description
In this analysis we describe briefly a possible approach to the realization of a gamma-ray laser ('graser') 1,2. The proposed scheme has its basis in certain long-lived excited states among the heavier nuclei. Decay of such states, for the most part, gives rise to high-order multipole radiation. These excited states are populated through either beta-decay or electron capture. The device presumes that a collection of such long-lived excited states is unstable to induced resonant emission. Decay of parent nuclei serve as the pumping mechanism in the proposed lasing scheme. (Author).
Author: Richard L. Liboff Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 16
Book Description
In this analysis we describe briefly a possible approach to the realization of a gamma-ray laser ('graser') 1,2. The proposed scheme has its basis in certain long-lived excited states among the heavier nuclei. Decay of such states, for the most part, gives rise to high-order multipole radiation. These excited states are populated through either beta-decay or electron capture. The device presumes that a collection of such long-lived excited states is unstable to induced resonant emission. Decay of parent nuclei serve as the pumping mechanism in the proposed lasing scheme. (Author).
Author: B. Balko Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 1483286991 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 166
Book Description
Provides a definitive overview of the current status of gamma-ray lasers including contributions from scientists pursuing active research in areas relevant to the graser problem. Describes a range of programmes which deal with selecting candidate nuclei, procuring the right lasing medium and forming it into an acicular geometry, working in an energy regime that enables utilizing the Mossbauer Effect, using the Campbell-Borrmann Effect to decrease electronic absorption, designing basic experiments that demonstrate critical steps necessary to produce a graser, and clarifying a number of theoretical problems specific to the nuclear laser.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 107
Book Description
The most productive approaches to the problem of the gamma ray laser have focused upon upconversion techniques in which metastable nuclei are pumped with long wavelength radiation. At the nuclear level the storage of energy can approach tera-Joules (10(exp 12)J) per liter for thousands of years. However, any plan to use such a resource for a gamma ray laser poses problems of a broad interdisciplinary nature requiring the fusion of concepts taken from relatively unrelated fields of physics. Our research group has described several means through which this energy might be coupled to radiation field with cross sections for stimulated emission that could reach 10(exp -17) sq cm. Such a stimulated release could lead to output powers as great as 3 x 102 Watts/liter. Since 1978 we have pursued an approach for the upconversion of longer wavelength radiation incident upon isomeric nuclear populations that can avoid many of the difficulties encountered with traditional concepts 0 single-photon pumping. Experiments have confirmed the general theory and have indicated that a gamma-ray laser is feasible if the right combination of energy levels and branching ratios exists in some real material. Of the 1,886 distinguishable nuclear materials, the present state-of-the-art has been adequate to identify 29 first-class candidates, but further evaluation cannot proceed without remeasurements of nuclear. A laser-grade database of nuclear properties does not yet exist but the techniques for constructing one have been developed and utilize under this contract.
Author: Raymond C. Elton Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0323138454 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 302
Book Description
The first in its field, this book is both an introduction to x-ray lasers and a how-to guide for specialists. It provides new entrants and others interested in the field with a comprehensive overview and describes useful examples of analysis and experiments as background and guidance for researchers undertaking new laser designs. In one succinct volume, X-Ray Lasers collects the knowledge and experience gained in two decades of x-ray laser development and conveys the exciting challenges and possibilities still to come. The reader is first introduced to the technical challenges unique to the design and operation of lasers in the "vacuum" region of the spectrum, where the atmosphere is highly absorbent and optics are--at best--unconventional. A discussion of the basic principles for and limitations in achieving significant x-ray amplification, as well as descriptions of gain measurement techniques and instrumentation follows. Various approaches for pumping media to x-ray gain conditions are also analyzed, and descriptions of experimental progress are included wherever possible. The book concludes with a description and comparison with alternate sources and applications for an x-ray laser. This work is both an introduction to x-ray lasers and a how-to guide for specialists. It provides new entrants and others interested in the field with a comprehensive overview and describes useful analyses and experiments as guidance for researchers undertaking new laser designs. - Provides first comprehensive treatment of lasers for wavelengths shorter than the near-ultraviolet 2000 - Contains descriptions and comparisons with alternate sources - Includes a section describing possible applications
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
We present results of theoretical nuclear structure model calculations for the gamma-ray laser candidate nucleus 186Re proposed by Collins. Our calculations of this odd-odd transitional nucleus are based on an axially-asymmetric (particle plus triaxial rotor) model for constructing the orbitals of the odd nucleons that couple under the influence of the residual neutron-proton interaction. We include pairing correlations in the determination of these orbitals by using the BCS approximation with newly determined pairing strengths. The matrix elements of the residual neutron-proton interaction are obtained using phenomenological spin-dependent delta function potentials of both surface and volume forms. We examine the sensitivity of the calculated low-excitation level structure of 186Re to the strength of these potentials. Calculated energy levels of 186Re will be presented and compared with experiment. The impact of our results on the proposed use of 186Re as a gamma-ray laser will be discussed. In addition, based upon these and other model calculations to be described, we assess the level of effort necessary in a full-scale theoretical search for a viable candidate nucleus for a gamma-ray laser. 17 refs., 1 fig., 3 tabs.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The possibility of extending the laser principle into the hard x-ray region above a few keV depends upon the ability of a pump to create the critical density of population inversion for which gain overcomes loss by absorption. Although this critical density decreases with the wavelength of the radiation to be stimulated, the power required to generate it depends upon the lifetime of the state being pumped. The lifetimes of inner-shell vacancies of atoms are very short. Nuclear states, on the other hand, have much longer lifetimes, ranging from fractions of picoseconds to millennia. Moreover, in the so-called recoilless or Moessbauer transitions of nuclear isomers, it was observed that the resonance cross section often exceeds the nonresonant absorption cross section by several orders of magnitude: just the condition for lasing in an inverted population. If, other things being equal, the absorber foil of a Moessbauer experiment contained an excess of excited states, then, instead of the absorption dip normally observed at resonance, there would be an increase of intensity, and amplification by stimulated emission would be achieved. The problem in making a gamma-ray laser is, therefore, simply that of obtaining an inverted population without inhibiting the Moessbauer effect. Research on this problem is reviewed.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 66
Book Description
This paper compares two processes that can occur, under different conditions, in the same system of nuclei: amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and superfluorescence (SF). It concludes that the (Trammell and Hannon) conditions for the occurrence of ASE are more restrictive than those for the occurrence of SF. Therefore, the conclusion by some authors based on an analysis of ASE, that coherent electromagnetic emission from a nuclear system is not feasible, is incorrect. The paper examines the feasibility of nuclear SF in 60Co. It concludes that SF will occur in the excited state obtained by thermal neutron pumping with fluxes ranging from 10.18 to 10.23 neutrons per second.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 139
Book Description
This paper generalizes the Haake-Reibold model of superfluorescence to take into account certain effects that, while negligible for atomic emission, are important for the nuclear case. Comparisons are made of three different approaches to numerical computation based on the model, and a number of explicit calculations are made to illustrate the behavior of the emitted pulse under various conditions. In addition, the paper presents detailed analyses of the effects of homogeneous broadening and relaxation on superfluorescent emission.
Author: Takehito Hayakawa Publisher: World Scientific ISBN: 9814635464 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 379
Book Description
Nuclear nonproliferation is a critical global issue. A key technological challenge to ensuring nuclear nonproliferation and security is the detection of long-lived radioisotopes and fissionable nuclides in a non-destructive manner. This technological challenge requires new methods for detecting relevant nuclides and the development of new quantum-beam sources. For example, one new method that has been proposed and studied is nuclear resonance fluorescence with energy-tunable, monochromatic gamma-rays generated by Compton scattering of laser photons with electrons.The development of new methods requires the help of researchers from a wide range of fields, such as nuclear physics, accelerator physics, laser physics, etc. Furthermore, any new method must be compatible with the requirements of administrators and nuclear-material inspectors.
Author: Richard L. Liboff
Author: Richard L. Liboff
Author: B. Balko
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Author: Raymond C. Elton
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Author: Takehito Hayakawa