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Author: Anuradha A. Gautam Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 250
Book Description
Data corruption during the transmission and reception of data because of noisy channel medium is the most common problem faced in digital communication system. Thus, it is hard to get the reliable communication. Thus, to get the error free communication, we need Error correction code. BCH codes is an acronym for Bose, Ray -- Chaudhuri, Hocquenghem, invented in 1960s and today they are used as a baseline for many recent Error Correcting Codes. BCH codes are powerful class of multiple error correction codes with well defined mathematical properties. BCH code is used to correct multiple random error patterns. The mathematical properties within which BCH codes are defined are the Galois Field or Finite Field Theory. The main focus of this project is to design encoder and decoder architecture for BCH codes. The design of an encoder is based on Liner Feed Back Shift Register used for polynomial division and the decoder design is based on ibm algorithm to correct the errors occurred during transmission. Also this project report contains comparison of BCH codes with other Error Correcting codes and gives the detailed explanation of salient feature of BCH codes. The combination of BCH codes and LDPC codes are used for error correction for satellite communication standards. The BCH codes architecture is described using hardware description language called Verilog and synthesized using Xilinx Webpack 10.1 ISE. The performance of the whole model is check in terms of simulation using Xilinx Modelsim.
Author: Anuradha A. Gautam Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 250
Book Description
Data corruption during the transmission and reception of data because of noisy channel medium is the most common problem faced in digital communication system. Thus, it is hard to get the reliable communication. Thus, to get the error free communication, we need Error correction code. BCH codes is an acronym for Bose, Ray -- Chaudhuri, Hocquenghem, invented in 1960s and today they are used as a baseline for many recent Error Correcting Codes. BCH codes are powerful class of multiple error correction codes with well defined mathematical properties. BCH code is used to correct multiple random error patterns. The mathematical properties within which BCH codes are defined are the Galois Field or Finite Field Theory. The main focus of this project is to design encoder and decoder architecture for BCH codes. The design of an encoder is based on Liner Feed Back Shift Register used for polynomial division and the decoder design is based on ibm algorithm to correct the errors occurred during transmission. Also this project report contains comparison of BCH codes with other Error Correcting codes and gives the detailed explanation of salient feature of BCH codes. The combination of BCH codes and LDPC codes are used for error correction for satellite communication standards. The BCH codes architecture is described using hardware description language called Verilog and synthesized using Xilinx Webpack 10.1 ISE. The performance of the whole model is check in terms of simulation using Xilinx Modelsim.
Author: Zhenshan Xie (Software engineer) Publisher: ISBN: Category : Decoders (Electronics) Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Generalized integrated interleaved (GII) codes are advanced error-correcting codes. They nest Reed-Solomon (RS) or BCH sub-codewords to generate more powerful RS or BCH codewords. The hyper-speed decoding and good error-correction capability make GII codes one of the best candidates for next-generation terabit/s digital storage and communications. However, the hardware architecture design for GII decoder faces many challenges. Above all, the key equation solving (KES) in the nested decoding stage causes clock frequency bottleneck and takes a large portion of the GII decoder area. Besides, short GII-BCH codes are required for new fast storage class memories (SCMs), which pose new issues for the GII-BCH decoder design. Many techniques have been developed in this dissertation to eliminate the implementation bottlenecks for almost every decoding step in the decoder architecture design, especially for the nested KES. Major contributions include: i) an efficient nested KES algorithm and architecture to eliminate the clock frequency bottleneck and substantially reduce the area complexity; ii) a scaled nested KES algorithm and architecture to further reduce the area complexity by scaling polynomials to enable product term sharing; iii) a fast nested KES algorithm and architecture to break data dependency to truly reduce the critical path to one multiplier and several adders/multiplexers and hence reduce the nested KES latency almost by half; iv) a scaled fast nested KES algorithm and architecture to further reduce the area complexity while keeping only one multiplier and several adders/multiplexers in the critical path; and v) a scheme to reduce the number of processing elements without undesirable degradation on the error-correcting performance. Compared to GII-RS decoding, the nested KES design for GII-BCH decoding is more challenging, since two instead of one higher-order syndromes need to be incorporated and every other iteration needs to be skipped. Efficient nested KES designs for GII-BCH codes have also been developed by algorithmic reformulations. For the overall GII decoder, the proposed designs can achieve more than 320Gb/s throughput with only 7 gates in the critical path. Several effective schemes have also been proposed to address the issues for applying GII-BCH codes to the new fast SCM applications, where short codes with low redundancy and high correction capability are required. In this case, the error correction capabilities of the sub- and nested codewords of the GII-BCH codes are relatively small, leading to issues regarding the KES throughput/latency and decoding miscorrections. i) A high-throughput sub-word KES was developed to directly compute the polynomials and variables for 3-error-correcting decoding. Utilizing the properties of the involved variables and syndromes, reformulations were developed to enable product term sharing and hence substantially simplify the polynomial and variable computation. Almost three times throughput with smaller area can be achieved, compared to the best previous design. ii) An efficient nested KES design has been proposed to eliminate the initialization clock from each nested decoding round. The polynomial updating was split and the critical path was reduced to one multiplier and several adders/multiplexers without pre-computing combined scalars. Substantial area saving can be achieved by sharing hardware units for polynomial updating. iii) Three low-complexity methods, i.e., checking nested syndromes, utilizing extended BCH codes, and tracking error locator polynomial degrees, have been proposed to detect and mitigate the miscorrections for the decoding of short GII-BCH codes, and hence the severe performance loss can be almost completely eliminated. iv) The miscorrection mitigation schemes were further optimized and the average nested decoding latency was reduced significantly. v) A sub-word selection strategy and a higher-order syndrome updating scheme were developed to reduce the worst-case nested decoding latency substantially. For an example short GII-BCH code over $GF(2^{10})$ for SCM applications, the performance gap due to miscorrections is closed and low-complexity and low-latency decoding is achieved. In summary, the proposed designs have significant contributions to the GII decoder architecture design, especially the nested KES, and the decoding of short GII-BCH codes. In the future study, the research focus can be on the joint architecture design for other decoder components, more efficient miscorrection mitigating schemes, and concise formulas for performance estimation.
Author: Khaled Salah Mohamed Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3031192974 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 192
Book Description
This book discusses wireless communication systems from a transceiver and digital signal processing perspective. It is intended to be an advanced and thorough overview for key wireless communication technologies. A wide variety of wireless communication technologies, communication paradigms and architectures are addressed, along with state-of-the-art wireless communication standards. The author takes a practical, systems-level approach, breaking up the technical components of a wireless communication system, such as compression, encryption, channel coding, and modulation. This book combines hardware principles with practical communication system design. It provides a comprehensive perspective on emerging 5G mobile networks, explaining its architecture and key enabling technologies, such as M-MIMO, Beamforming, mmWaves, machine learning, and network slicing. Finally, the author explores the evolution of wireless mobile networks over the next ten years towards 5G and beyond (6G), including use-cases, system requirements, challenges and opportunities.
Author: Stephen B. Wicker Publisher: ISBN: Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 536
Book Description
For introductory graduate courses in coding for telecommunications engineering, digital communications. This introductory text on error control coding focuses on key implementation issues and performance analysis with applications valuable to both mathematicians and engineers.
Author: Lajos Hanzo Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 0470978333 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 839
Book Description
Covering the full range of channel codes from the most conventional through to the most advanced, the second edition of Turbo Coding, Turbo Equalisation and Space-Time Coding is a self-contained reference on channel coding for wireless channels. The book commences with a historical perspective on the topic, which leads to two basic component codes, convolutional and block codes. It then moves on to turbo codes which exploit iterative decoding by using algorithms, such as the Maximum-A-Posteriori (MAP), Log-MAP and Soft Output Viterbi Algorithm (SOVA), comparing their performance. It also compares Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM), Turbo Trellis Coded Modulation (TTCM), Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation (BICM) and Iterative BICM (BICM-ID) under various channel conditions. The horizon of the content is then extended to incorporate topics which have found their way into diverse standard systems. These include space-time block and trellis codes, as well as other Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) schemes and near-instantaneously Adaptive Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (AQAM). The book also elaborates on turbo equalisation by providing a detailed portrayal of recent advances in partial response modulation schemes using diverse channel codes. A radically new aspect for this second edition is the discussion of multi-level coding and sphere-packing schemes, Extrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) charts, as well as an introduction to the family of Generalized Low Density Parity Check codes. This new edition includes recent advances in near-capacity turbo-transceivers as well as new sections on multi-level coding schemes and of Generalized Low Density Parity Check codes Comparatively studies diverse channel coded and turbo detected systems to give all-inclusive information for researchers, engineers and students Details EXIT-chart based irregular transceiver designs Uses rich performance comparisons as well as diverse near-capacity design examples
Author: Ian Kuon Publisher: Now Publishers Inc ISBN: 1601981260 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 134
Book Description
Reviews the historical development of programmable logic devices, the fundamental programming technologies that the programmability is built on, and then describes the basic understandings gleaned from research on architectures. It is an invaluable reference for engineers and computer scientists.
Author: Xinmiao Zhang Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 148222965X Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 410
Book Description
Error-correcting codes are ubiquitous. They are adopted in almost every modern digital communication and storage system, such as wireless communications, optical communications, Flash memories, computer hard drives, sensor networks, and deep-space probing. New-generation and emerging applications demand codes with better error-correcting capability. On the other hand, the design and implementation of those high-gain error-correcting codes pose many challenges. They usually involve complex mathematical computations, and mapping them directly to hardware often leads to very high complexity. VLSI Architectures for Modern Error-Correcting Codes serves as a bridge connecting advancements in coding theory to practical hardware implementations. Instead of focusing on circuit-level design techniques, the book highlights integrated algorithmic and architectural transformations that lead to great improvements on throughput, silicon area requirement, and/or power consumption in the hardware implementation. The goal of this book is to provide a comprehensive and systematic review of available techniques and architectures, so that they can be easily followed by system and hardware designers to develop en/decoder implementations that meet error-correcting performance and cost requirements. This book can be also used as a reference for graduate-level courses on VLSI design and error-correcting coding. Particular emphases are placed on hard- and soft-decision Reed-Solomon (RS) and Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, and binary and non-binary low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. These codes are among the best candidates for modern and emerging applications due to their good error-correcting performance and lower implementation complexity compared to other codes. To help explain the computations and en/decoder architectures, many examples and case studies are included. More importantly, discussions are provided on the advantages and drawbacks of different implementation approaches and architectures.
Author: Roger Woods Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119077958 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 356
Book Description
An important working resource for engineers and researchers involved in the design, development, and implementation of signal processing systems The last decade has seen a rapid expansion of the use of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) for a wide range of applications beyond traditional digital signal processing (DSP) systems. Written by a team of experts working at the leading edge of FPGA research and development, this second edition of FPGA-based Implementation of Signal Processing Systems has been extensively updated and revised to reflect the latest iterations of FPGA theory, applications, and technology. Written from a system-level perspective, it features expert discussions of contemporary methods and tools used in the design, optimization and implementation of DSP systems using programmable FPGA hardware. And it provides a wealth of practical insights—along with illustrative case studies and timely real-world examples—of critical concern to engineers working in the design and development of DSP systems for radio, telecommunications, audio-visual, and security applications, as well as bioinformatics, Big Data applications, and more. Inside you will find up-to-date coverage of: FPGA solutions for Big Data Applications, especially as they apply to huge data sets The use of ARM processors in FPGAs and the transfer of FPGAs towards heterogeneous computing platforms The evolution of High Level Synthesis tools—including new sections on Xilinx's HLS Vivado tool flow and Altera's OpenCL approach Developments in Graphical Processing Units (GPUs), which are rapidly replacing more traditional DSP systems FPGA-based Implementation of Signal Processing Systems, 2nd Edition is an indispensable guide for engineers and researchers involved in the design and development of both traditional and cutting-edge data and signal processing systems. Senior-level electrical and computer engineering graduates studying signal processing or digital signal processing also will find this volume of great interest.
Author: Yifei Zhang Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 254
Book Description
Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes have been intensively studied in the past decade for their capacity-approaching performance. LDPC code implementation complexity and the error-rate floor are still two significant unsolved issues which prevent their application in some important communication systems. In this dissertation, we make efforts toward solving these two problems by introducing the design of a class of LDPC codes called structured irregular repeat-accumulate (S-IRA) codes. These S-IRA codes combine several advantages of other types of LDPC codes, including low encoder and decoder complexities, flexibility in design, and good performance on different channels. It is also demonstrated in this dissertation that the S-IRA codes are suitable for rate-compatible code family design and a multi-rate code family has been designed which may be implemented with a single encoder/decoder. The study of the error floor problem of LDPC codes is very difficult because simulating LDPC codes on a computer at very low error rates takes an unacceptably long time. To circumvent this difficulty, we implemented a universal quasi-cyclic LDPC decoder on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) platform. This hardware platform accelerates the simulations by more than 100 times as compared to software simulations. We implemented two types of decoders with partially parallel architectures on the FPGA: a circulant-based decoder and a protograph-based decoder. By focusing on the protograph-based decoder, different soft iterative decoding algorithms were implemented. It provides us with a platform for quickly evaluating and analyzing different quasi-cyclic LDPC codes, including the S-IRA codes. A universal decoder architecture is also proposed which is capable of decoding of an arbitrary LDPC code, quasi-cyclic or not. Finally, we studied the low-floor problem by focusing on one example S-IRA code. We identified the weaknesses of the code andproposed several techniques to lower the error floor. We successfully demonstrated in hardware that it is possible to lower the floor substantially by encoder and decoder modifications, but the best solution appeared to be an outer BCH code.
Author: Anuradha A. Gautam
Author: Anuradha A. Gautam
Author: Zhenshan Xie (Software engineer)
Author: Khaled Salah Mohamed
Author: Stephen B. Wicker
Author: Lajos Hanzo
Author: Ian Kuon
Author: 
Author: Xinmiao Zhang
Author: Roger Woods
Author: Yifei Zhang