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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
As part of the Monterey Area Ship Track (MAST) Study, the University of Washington's Cloud and Aerosol Research Group used its integrated airborne research facility to obtain in situ measurements of the particles and gases emitted by various types of ships, the dispersion and evolution of these effluents downwind, and their effects on the microstructure and optical properties of marine stratiform clouds, particularly as they affect the formation of so-called 'ship tracks' in clouds. The results of these studies confirmed that it is the effluents from ships that produce 'ship tracks' under appropriate cloud and meteorological conditions.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
As part of the Monterey Area Ship Track (MAST) Study, the University of Washington's Cloud and Aerosol Research Group used its integrated airborne research facility to obtain in situ measurements of the particles and gases emitted by various types of ships, the dispersion and evolution of these effluents downwind, and their effects on the microstructure and optical properties of marine stratiform clouds, particularly as they affect the formation of so-called 'ship tracks' in clouds. The results of these studies confirmed that it is the effluents from ships that produce 'ship tracks' under appropriate cloud and meteorological conditions.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 3
Book Description
Paper, technical report and book titles include: (1) Aerosol size distributions in the cloudy atmospheric boundary layer of the North Atlantic Ocean; (2) Light scattering and cloud condensation nucleus activity of sulfate aerosol measured over the northeast atlantic ocean; (3) The structure of frontal weather systems in western europe; (4) Aerosol-cloud-climate interactions; (5) Recent field studies of sulfur gases, particles and cloud in clean marine air and their significance with respect to the DMS-cloud-climate hypothesis; and (6) Recent field studies of aerosol and cloud processes relevant to climate.
Author: Nicole Chisholm Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Marine aerosols play an important role in earth's climate, but their effects remain highly uncertain due to a poor understanding of their sources, properties, and atmospheric processing, partly due to limited measurements. The Coastal-Fog (C-FOG) study investigated the processes controlling the formation and properties of fog in the North Atlantic Ocean. As part of this study, aerosol particle size distributions and chemical composition were measured off the shore of the northeastern United States and Atlantic Canada, and used to investigate the sources and processes affecting the observed aerosols. Processed marine air during the study was characterized by single and bi-modal aerosol size distributions. Aerosols in the port city of St. John's, Newfoundland reflected local emissions built up due to poor ventilation, whereas aerosols in Halifax, Nova Scotia were lower in concentration because the harbour is more spread out. Finally, two particle growth events were observed. The first event captured the appearance of 10 nm particles that grew to 30 nm over 4 h. These aerosols appeared to be newly formed in the upper portion of the boundary layer with influence from the free troposphere before subsiding to the surface. In the second event, 45 nm particles grew to 70 nm over 8 h. The growth of these aerosols was most likely due to the direct condensation of organic vapours emitted from boreal forests and/or the ocean. Our observations provide important insight into the processes affecting marine aerosols and highlight the crucial role of boundary layer meteorology.
Author: Guoqi Han Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1351691201 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 471
Book Description
This volume contains the ten most cited articles that have appeared in the journal Atmosphere-Ocean since 1995. These articles cover a wide range of topics in meteorology, climatology and oceanography. Modelling work is represented in five papers, covering global climate model development; a cumulus parameterization scheme for global climate models; development of a regional forecast modelling system and parameterization of peatland hydraulic processes for climate models. Data rehabilitation and compilation in order to support trend analysis work on comprehensive precipitation and temperature data sets is presented in four papers. Field studies are represented by a paper on the circumpolar lead system. While the modelling studies are global in their application and applicability, the data analysis and field study papers cover environments that are specifically, but not uniquely, Canadian. This book will be of interest to researchers, students and professionals in the various sub-fields of meteorology, oceanography and climate science.
Author: Nidia Martínez Avellaneda Publisher: GRIN Verlag ISBN: 364055597X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 114
Book Description
Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2010 in the subject Geography / Earth Science - Meteorology, Aeronomy, Climatology, grade: Sehr Gut, University of Hamburg (Institute of Oceanography), language: English, abstract: The erosion of Saharan soil is the World's largest annual source of mineral dust aerosols, resulting in a deposition of more than 40% of the global atmospheric dust into the North Atlantic (NA). By changing the atmospheric opacity, mineral dust can alter the shortwave radiative forcing at the surface of the ocean, altering the ocean mixed layer heat budget and therefore affecting the sea surface temperature (SST). Moreover, changes of the total amount of energy received at the ocean surface have an impact on the ocean circulation. In this thesis we combine several satellite observations, in-situ radiation measurements, a 1D mixed layer model of the ocean, and various versions of a 3D general ocean circulation model, to study the impact of Saharan dust on the circulation of the NA. A buoyancy source generated by realistic dust-induced shortwave flux anomalies is imposed in the eastern NA and the differences between this simulation and an unperturbed one are investigated in terms of the ocean dynamical adjustment and changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). A joint analysis of aerosol optical depth retrievals from the MODIS sensor and SST from the TMI sensor for the period 2000-2006 shows a decrease in SST of 0.2° to 0.4°C simultaneously with, or shortly after, strong dust outbreaks, which is consistent with an independent estimate of SST decrease simulated by a local 1D mixed layer model. A comparison between observed TMI SST fields and simulated SSTs with an eddy-permitting model of the NA suggests a local cooling of about 0.5°C on sub-seasonal to interannual time-scales. Results of the 3D simulations show that an advection of the ocean properties ocurs in response to the buoyancy source in the eastern subtropical NA. The eddies and baroclinic instabilities present in the ocean advect the signal towards the west and back towards the east. Once they have reached the African coast, they trigger westward propagating Rossby waves. The time-mean differences of AMOC between the perturbed and unperturbed simulations show an increased meridional transport at 38°N and 43°N of 0.55 and 0.45 Sv, respectively, and a decreased AMOC at 40°N and 45°N of 0.2 Sv. We conclude that the effect of Saharan dust should be incorporated in ocean numerical simulations, specially under the frame of climate change studies when a changing dust load of the atmosphere in response to a changing climate could be possible.
Author: E. J. Mack Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 225
Book Description
During May and early June 1977, Calspan participated in a Transatlantic-Mediterranean research expedition (NRL Cruise 77-16-04) aboard the USNS HAYES to investigate atmospheric marine boundary layer phenomena. Calspan's objective was the acquisition of data describing the magnitudes and spatial variations of a variety of aerosol and meteorological parameters in the lowest 20 m. Continuous or hourly observations of visibility, scattering coefficient, total particle concentration, aerosol size spectra (0.01 to>3.0 micrometers diameter), relative humidity, air and sea surface temperatures, and winds were obtained throughout the cruise. At less regular intervals, measurements of cloud condensation nuclei and aqueous sea spray aerosols and collections of aerosols for chemical analyses were also obtained. These data were used to describe differences between the clean marine air of the mid-Atlantic and the modified-continental air of the Mediterranean observed during the cruise and data previously acquired in the Eastern Pacific. In addition, complete aerosol spectra (0.01 micrometers to>20.0 micrometers diameter) were utilized to compute extinction as functions index of refraction, wavelength and changes in relative humidity. (Author).
Author: Chunhua Deng Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 179
Book Description
This study is focused on the chemical composition and cloud nucleation ability of marine aerosol based on two cruise researches over Pacific Ocean and North Atlantic Ocean respectively. Implications of CLAW hypothesis and the factors influencing its validity are analyzed for the contemporary era with ever-increasing pollution. The pacific cruise started from Punta Arenas, Chile and ended in Seattle, WA during March-April of 2010. Raman microspectroscopy (RMS) was employed to identify the chemical composition and mixing conditions of single particles collected. By analyzing multiple particles in a collected ensemble, the degree of external/internal mixing of particles was also determined. Atmospheric aerosol concentration, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration, and chlorophyll a concentration in the underlying water (a metric for phytoplankton biomass in the ocean), were also measured. Our results indicate that long chain organic molecules were prevalent in the marine aerosol samples throughout the cruise. Long chain organic compounds tended to stay mixed with other organic and inorganic components. The influence of marine organic aerosols on cloud nucleation ability is analyzed. The North Atlantic cruise started from Woods Hole, MA and returned back to the same location during June-July 2011. The cruise passed through a wide range of conditions, including areas of high phytoplankton biomasses and extremely high DMS levels (over 1800 pptv). Aerosol concentration, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration, particle size distribution, as well as surface seawater and atmospheric DMS concentrations were performed simultaneously during the cruise. HYSPLIT back trajectories were used to classify air mass origins. Even though continental sources increased the total aerosol population, it depressed the effective CCN concentrations possibly due to the competition in particle growth. Continuous high CCN and elevated DMS concentrations over the open ocean occur concurrently, which can be explained by enhanced nucleation and condensational growth of aerosols in marine boundary layer (MBL) resulting from the DMS oxidation or primary aerosols from the sea surface. Our data also indicated that uncertainties remain in sea spray aerosol production flux function, especially for particles with dry diameter smaller than 200 nm. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/151824
Author: Savannah Lee Lewis Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 179
Book Description
Atmospheric aerosol particles in the marine environment play an important role in the Earth's radiative budget which are affected by the sources and compositions of the aerosol particles. Atmospheric aerosol particles were collected over four cruises in the remote regions of the North Atlantic Ocean and one field experiment from a stationary platform in the Oceano Dunes and were quantified using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscopy with Near-Edge Absorption Fine Structure (STXM-NEXAFS) for organic functional groups. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses were used to understand the elemental composition of the Oceano Dunes samples. The four cruises' atmospheric primary marine aerosol (aPMA) organic functional group composition was compared to see whether seasonal and biological changes had an effect. The average composition was 78% hydroxyl, 10% alkane, 6% amine, and 7% carboxylic acid groups, which was consistent with previous marine studies with sources including marine saccharides and amino sugars. The standard deviation within each season was greater than the differences between seasons, showing a limited seasonal response in the organic fraction. Generated primary marine aerosol particles (gPMA), atmospheric aerosol particles, sea-surface microlayer samples, and seawater samples were collected to compare the particle and bulk organic compositional differences as organics rise through the water column and are ejected into the marine boundary layer. The bulk organic composition consisted of the same three organic functional groups (hydroxyl, alkane, and amine groups) that comprised 50-90% of the quantified organic mass, though STXM-NEXAFS did illuminate the particle-to-particle diversity in all sample sources. The sea-surface microlayer and atmospheric aerosol particles were found to have far more variability in composition than generated primary marine aerosol and seawater, which could be attributed to a closer linkage between the organic sources and greater secondary processing within these sample sources than either generated primary marine aerosol or seawater. Coastal aerosol from Oceano Dunes showed a mixture of sources, with the dominant sources being wind-driven dust from the Oceano Dunes, sea salt from sea spray, and marine-derived organics. While this coastal location has recorded PM10 exceedances, the natural sources are unlikely to be a health-risk because they have not been shown to include toxic components.
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Author: Nicole Chisholm
Author: Guoqi Han
Author: Nidia Martínez Avellaneda
Author: E. J. Mack
Author: Samuel Pennypacker
Author: Chunhua Deng
Author: Savannah Lee Lewis
Author: Edward T. Peltzer