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Author: Robert S. Hartman Publisher: Wipf and Stock Publishers ISBN: 1725230674 Category : Philosophy Languages : en Pages : 402
Book Description
Hartman's revolutionary book introduces formal orderly thinking into value theory. It identifies three basic kinds of value, intrinsic goods (e.g., people as ends in themselves), extrinsic goods (e.g., things and actions as means to ends), and systemic goods (conceptual values). All good things share a common formal or structural pattern: they fulfill the ideal standards or "concepts" that we apply to them. Thus, this theory is called "formal axiology." Some values are richer in good-making property-fulfillment than others, so some desirable things are better than others and form patterned hierarchies of value. How we value is just as important as what we value, and evaluations, like values, share structures or formal patterns, as this book demonstrates. Hartman locates all of this solidly within the framework of historical value theory, but he moves successfully and creatively beyond philosophical tradition and toward the creation of a new value science.
Author: Robert S. Hartman Publisher: Wipf and Stock Publishers ISBN: 1725230674 Category : Philosophy Languages : en Pages : 402
Book Description
Hartman's revolutionary book introduces formal orderly thinking into value theory. It identifies three basic kinds of value, intrinsic goods (e.g., people as ends in themselves), extrinsic goods (e.g., things and actions as means to ends), and systemic goods (conceptual values). All good things share a common formal or structural pattern: they fulfill the ideal standards or "concepts" that we apply to them. Thus, this theory is called "formal axiology." Some values are richer in good-making property-fulfillment than others, so some desirable things are better than others and form patterned hierarchies of value. How we value is just as important as what we value, and evaluations, like values, share structures or formal patterns, as this book demonstrates. Hartman locates all of this solidly within the framework of historical value theory, but he moves successfully and creatively beyond philosophical tradition and toward the creation of a new value science.
Author: Erich H. Rast Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield ISBN: 1793616957 Category : Philosophy Languages : en Pages : 234
Book Description
The theory of value structure concerns the meaning of “better than” and “good,” as well as the way in which values serve as a basis for rational decision making. Drawing methodologically from economics and theories of decision making, the aim of serious axiology in metaethics is to do justice to problems that have puzzled philosophers of value for centuries. Can value comparisons be cyclic? Are all values comparable with each other and can decision makers just add up different aspects of an evaluation to determine the best course of action? A Theory of Value Structure: From Values to Decisions starts with a thorough introduction to the modeling of “better than” comparisons from a normative perspective. In the philosophical part of the book, Erich H. Rast argues that aspects of “better than” comparisons can differ qualitatively so much that one aspect may outrank another. Consequently, the classical weighted sum aggregation model fails. Values cannot always be summed up and comparisons may be fundamentally noncompensatory, an indeterminacy that explains problems like the apparent nontransitivity of “better than” and hard cases in decision making. Using a lexicographic method of value comparisons, Rast develops a multidimensional theory of “better than” and shows how and to which extent it can be combined with standard methods of decision making under uncertainty by using rank-dependent utility theory.
Author: Robert S. Hartman Publisher: Wipf and Stock Publishers ISBN: 1610978420 Category : Philosophy Languages : en Pages : 405
Book Description
Hartman's revolutionary book introduces formal orderly thinking into value theory. It identifies three basic kinds of value, intrinsic goods (e.g., people as ends in themselves), extrinsic goods (e.g., things and actions as means to ends), and systemic goods (conceptual values). All good things share a common formal or structural pattern: they fulfill the ideal standards or "concepts" that we apply to them. Thus, this theory is called "formal axiology." Some values are richer in good-making property-fulfillment than others, so some desirable things are better than others and form patterned hierarchies of value. How we value is just as important as what we value, and evaluations, like values, share structures or formal patterns, as this book demonstrates. Hartman locates all of this solidly within the framework of historical value theory, but he moves successfully and creatively beyond philosophical tradition and toward the creation of a new value science.
Author: Oddbjørn Knutsen Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319521233 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 311
Book Description
This book analyses the impact of socio-structural variables, such as social class, religion, urban/rural residence, age and gender, on influencing an individual’s voting preferences. There have been major changes in recent decades both to social structure and how social structure determines people’s voting behaviour. There has also been a shift in value orientations, for example from religious to secular values and from more authoritarian to libertarian values. The author addresses the questions: How do social structure and value orientations influence party choice in advanced industrial democracies?; To what extent is the impact of social structure on party choice transmitted via value orientations?; To what extent is the impact of value orientations on party choice causal effects when controlled for the prior structural variables? The book will be of use to advanced students and scholars in the fields of comparative politics, electoral politics and political sociology.
Author: James Brickley Publisher: McGraw Hill Professional ISBN: 9780071393928 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 330
Book Description
Provides management information on coordinating a company's decision-making authority, performance evaluation, and compensation allowing a company to run more efficiently.
Author: Luis Gomes de Abreu Publisher: ISBN: 9781703015416 Category : Languages : en Pages : 286
Book Description
Why do millions of tech startups fail every year? Despite having a good product, customers, and even help from accelerator and seed programs, many new tech companies simply don't succeed. What's missing? Operational structure.The Vision to Value Framework is an operational model designed to help tech organizations scale growth in a sustainable and profitable way. The book introduces the model, its scope, and its impact on organizations. Vision to Value compiles the experience and strategy of tech entrepreneur and startup co-founder Luis Gomes de Abreu in his journey to scaling Amsterdam-based Nmbrs, and the organization's 10-year journey of growth. With a focus on building mindset, strategy, and formal structure to support increasing operations, the book works to bridge the gap between startup and a scaled organization. Featuring theoretical as well as practical information, the Vision to Value lays the foundations for designing an organization around agility, scalability, and delivering value to the end-user. Strategy, tips, and ideas function to guide leaders in technical operations towards setting up product development structure, customer support, developing business processes, and organizing teams, while highlighting many of the issues contributing to organizational failure, and some approaches to solving them. Most importantly, Vision to Value focuses on designing structure, organizing teams, and creating an operational model designed to support growth - so that anyone can realize those ideas inside their own organization.
Author: Richard Williams Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 9780521351478 Category : Biography & Autobiography Languages : en Pages : 214
Book Description
Combining theoretical and historical analysis, this book develops the thesis that the concepts of 'race' and 'ethnicity' are socially constructed. It demonstrates that the social values placed upon Blacks and Irish immigrants in the US result from their placement into specific labour categories rather than from inherent attributes.
Author: Batya Friedman Publisher: MIT Press ISBN: 0262039532 Category : Design Languages : en Pages : 258
Book Description
Using our moral and technical imaginations to create responsible innovations: theory, method, and applications for value sensitive design. Implantable medical devices and human dignity. Private and secure access to information. Engineering projects that transform the Earth. Multigenerational information systems for international justice. How should designers, engineers, architects, policy makers, and others design such technology? Who should be involved and what values are implicated? In Value Sensitive Design, Batya Friedman and David Hendry describe how both moral and technical imagination can be brought to bear on the design of technology. With value sensitive design, under development for more than two decades, Friedman and Hendry bring together theory, methods, and applications for a design process that engages human values at every stage. After presenting the theoretical foundations of value sensitive design, which lead to a deep rethinking of technical design, Friedman and Hendry explain seventeen methods, including stakeholder analysis, value scenarios, and multilifespan timelines. Following this, experts from ten application domains report on value sensitive design practice. Finally, Friedman and Hendry explore such open questions as the need for deeper investigation of indirect stakeholders and further method development. This definitive account of the state of the art in value sensitive design is an essential resource for designers and researchers working in academia and industry, students in design and computer science, and anyone working at the intersection of technology and society.
Author: Heather E. Douglas Publisher: University of Pittsburgh Pre ISBN: 082297357X Category : Philosophy Languages : en Pages : 227
Book Description
The role of science in policymaking has gained unprecedented stature in the United States, raising questions about the place of science and scientific expertise in the democratic process. Some scientists have been given considerable epistemic authority in shaping policy on issues of great moral and cultural significance, and the politicizing of these issues has become highly contentious. Since World War II, most philosophers of science have purported the concept that science should be "value-free." In Science, Policy and the Value-Free Ideal, Heather E. Douglas argues that such an ideal is neither adequate nor desirable for science. She contends that the moral responsibilities of scientists require the consideration of values even at the heart of science. She lobbies for a new ideal in which values serve an essential function throughout scientific inquiry, but where the role values play is constrained at key points, thus protecting the integrity and objectivity of science. In this vein, Douglas outlines a system for the application of values to guide scientists through points of uncertainty fraught with moral valence.Following a philosophical analysis of the historical background of science advising and the value-free ideal, Douglas defines how values should-and should not-function in science. She discusses the distinctive direct and indirect roles for values in reasoning, and outlines seven senses of objectivity, showing how each can be employed to determine the reliability of scientific claims. Douglas then uses these philosophical insights to clarify the distinction between junk science and sound science to be used in policymaking. In conclusion, she calls for greater openness on the values utilized in policymaking, and more public participation in the policymaking process, by suggesting various models for effective use of both the public and experts in key risk assessments.
Author: Robert S. Hartman
Author: Robert S. Hartman
Author: Erich H. Rast
Author: Robert S. Hartman
Author: Oddbjørn Knutsen
Author: James Brickley
Author: Luis Gomes de Abreu
Author: Richard Williams
Author: Batya Friedman
Author: Heather E. Douglas
Author: Jurij Striedter