Structure of Partially Premixed Flames Using Detailed Chemistry Simulations PDF Download

Author: Celine D. Kluzek
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Book Description
State-of-the-art reacting-flow computations have to compromise either on the detail of chemical reactions or on the dimensionality of the solution, while experiments in flames are limited by the flow accessibility and provide at best a limited number of observables. In the present work, the partially premixed laminar flame structure is examined using a detailed-chemistry, one-dimensional simulation. The computational results are compared to unpublished single-point multiscalar measurements obtained at Sandia National Labs in 2001. The study is focused on axisymmetric laminar partially-premixed methane/air flames with varying premixture strength values of 1.8, 2.2, and 3.17. The combination of computational and experimental results is used to analyze the spatial and scalar flame structure under the overarching concept of flamelets. The computations are based on the Cantera open-source software package developed at CalTech by D. Goodwin, and incorporating the GRI 3.0 chemical kinetic mechanism utilizing 325 chemical reactions and 53 species for methane combustion. Cross-transport effects as well as an optically-thin radiation model are included in the calculations. Radiation changes the flame profiles due to its effect on temperature, and the attendant effects on a number of species. Using the detailed analysis of different reaction rates, the adiabatic and radiative nitric oxide concentrations are compared. The cross-transport effects, i.e. Soret and Dufour, were studied in detail. The Soret term has a small but important effect on the flame structure through a reduction of the hydrogen mass fraction, which changes the conserved scalar values. Based on the flamelet approach and a unique formulation of the conserved scalar, the flame thermochemistry can be analyzed and understood. A number of interesting effects on the flame thermochemistry can be discerned in both experiments and computations when the premixture strength is varied. An increase in premixing results in a counterintuitive decrease in intermediate species such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen, as well as an expected increase in nitric oxide concentrations. Good agreement is found between experiments and calculations in scalar space, while the difference in dimensionality between axisymmetric measurements and opposed jet computations makes comparison in physical space tentative.

Author: Volker Sick
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 13

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This was a joint university-industry research program funded by the Partnerships for the Academic-Industrial Research Program (PAIR). The research examined partially premixed flames in laboratory and internal combustion engine environments at Vanderbilt University, University of Michigan, and General Motors Research and Development. At Vanderbilt University, stretched and curved ''tubular'' premixed flames were measured in a unique optically accessible burner with laser-induced spontaneous Raman scattering. Comparisons of optically measured temperature and species concentration profiles to detailed transport, complex chemistry simulations showed good correspondence at low-stretch conditions in the tubular flame. However, there were significant discrepancies at high-stretch conditions near flame extinction. The tubular flame predictions were found to be very sensitive to the specific hydrogen-air chemical kinetic mechanism and four different mechanisms were compared. In addition, the thermo-diffusive properties of the deficient reactant, H2, strongly affected the tubular flame structure. The poor prediction near extinction is most likely due to deficiencies in the chemical kinetic mechanisms near extinction. At the University of Michigan, an optical direct-injected engine was built up for laser-induced fluorescence imaging experiments on mixing and combustion under stratified charge combustion conditions with the assistance of General Motors. Laser attenuation effects were characterized both experimentally and numerically to improve laser imaging during the initial phase of the gasoline-air mixture development. Toluene was added to the isooctane fuel to image the fuel-air equivalence ratio in an optically accessible direct-injected gasoline engine. Temperature effects on the toluene imaging of fuel-air equivalence ratio were characterized. For the first time, oxygen imaging was accomplished in an internal combustion engine by combination of two fluorescence trackers, toluene and 3-pentanone. With this method, oxygen, fuel and equivalence ratio were measured in the cylinder. At General Motors, graduate students from the University of Michigan and Vanderbilt University worked with GM researchers to develop high-speed imaging methods for optically accessible direct-injection engines. Spark-emission spectroscopy was combined with high-speed spectrally-resolved combustion imaging in a direct-injected engine.

Author: Norbert Peters
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139428063
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 322

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The combustion of fossil fuels remains a key technology for the foreseeable future. It is therefore important that we understand the mechanisms of combustion and, in particular, the role of turbulence within this process. Combustion always takes place within a turbulent flow field for two reasons: turbulence increases the mixing process and enhances combustion, but at the same time combustion releases heat which generates flow instability through buoyancy, thus enhancing the transition to turbulence. The four chapters of this book present a thorough introduction to the field of turbulent combustion. After an overview of modeling approaches, the three remaining chapters consider the three distinct cases of premixed, non-premixed, and partially premixed combustion, respectively. This book will be of value to researchers and students of engineering and applied mathematics by demonstrating the current theories of turbulent combustion within a unified presentation of the field.

Author: Tarek Echekki
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400704127
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 496

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Book Description
Turbulent combustion sits at the interface of two important nonlinear, multiscale phenomena: chemistry and turbulence. Its study is extremely timely in view of the need to develop new combustion technologies in order to address challenges associated with climate change, energy source uncertainty, and air pollution. Despite the fact that modeling of turbulent combustion is a subject that has been researched for a number of years, its complexity implies that key issues are still eluding, and a theoretical description that is accurate enough to make turbulent combustion models rigorous and quantitative for industrial use is still lacking. In this book, prominent experts review most of the available approaches in modeling turbulent combustion, with particular focus on the exploding increase in computational resources that has allowed the simulation of increasingly detailed phenomena. The relevant algorithms are presented, the theoretical methods are explained, and various application examples are given. The book is intended for a relatively broad audience, including seasoned researchers and graduate students in engineering, applied mathematics and computational science, engine designers and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) practitioners, scientists at funding agencies, and anyone wishing to understand the state-of-the-art and the future directions of this scientifically challenging and practically important field.

Author: Hyderuddin Mohammad
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Laminar flow
Languages : en
Pages : 290

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Author: Nedunchezhian Swaminathan
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139498584
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 447

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Book Description
A work on turbulent premixed combustion is important because of increased concern about the environmental impact of combustion and the search for new combustion concepts and technologies. An improved understanding of lean fuel turbulent premixed flames must play a central role in the fundamental science of these new concepts. Lean premixed flames have the potential to offer ultra-low emission levels, but they are notoriously susceptible to combustion oscillations. Thus, sophisticated control measures are inevitably required. The editors' intent is to set out the modeling aspects in the field of turbulent premixed combustion. Good progress has been made on this topic, and this cohesive volume contains contributions from international experts on various subtopics of the lean premixed flame problem.

Author: Santanu De
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9811074100
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 663

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Book Description
This book presents a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art models for turbulent combustion, with special emphasis on the theory, development and applications of combustion models in practical combustion systems. It simplifies the complex multi-scale and nonlinear interaction between chemistry and turbulence to allow a broader audience to understand the modeling and numerical simulations of turbulent combustion, which remains at the forefront of research due to its industrial relevance. Further, the book provides a holistic view by covering a diverse range of basic and advanced topics—from the fundamentals of turbulence–chemistry interactions, role of high-performance computing in combustion simulations, and optimization and reduction techniques for chemical kinetics, to state-of-the-art modeling strategies for turbulent premixed and nonpremixed combustion and their applications in engineering contexts.

Author: Rene Thygesen
Publisher: Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH
ISBN: 3832530932
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 157

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Book Description
In order to fulfil future emissions legislations, new combustion systems are to be investigated. One way of improving exhaust emissions is the application of multiple injection strategies and conventional or partially premixed combustion conditions to a Diesel engine. The application of numerical techniques as CFD supports and improves the quality of engine developments. Unfortunately, current spray and combustion models are not accurate enough to simulate multiple injection systems, being in this way a topic of research. The goal of this study was the development of a novel simulation method for the investigation of Diesel engines operated with multiple injection strategies and different combustion modes. The first part of this work focused in improving the spray modelling. The inform ation of 3D CFD simulations of the injector nozzle was introduced in the spray simulation as boundary conditions developing coupling subroutines for this issue. The atomisation modelling was also improved using validated presumed droplet size distributions. Moreover, to avoid the simulation of the injector nozzle for every investigated operating point, a novel interpolating tool was developed in order to create spray boundary conditions based on few 3D CFD simulations of the nozzle under certain initial and boundary conditions. The second part of this thesis dealt with the combustion modelling of Diesel engines. For this issue, a laminar flamelet approach called Representative Interactive Flamelet model (RIF) was selected and implemented. Afterwards, an extended combustion model based on RIF was developed in order to take into account multiple injection strategies. Finally, this new model was validated with a wide range of operating points: applying multiple injection strategies under conventional and partially premixed combustion conditions.

Author: Kushal Sharad Kedia
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 87

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The objective of this work is to develop a high efficiency two-dimensional reactive flow solver to investigate perforated-plate stabilized laminar premixed flames. The developed code is used to examine the impact of the operating conditions and the perforated plate design on the steady flame characteristics. It is also used to numerically investigate the response of these flames to imposed inlet velocity perturbations. The two-dimensional simulations are performed using a reduced chemical kinetics mechanism for methane-air combustion, consisting of 20 species and 79 reactions. Heat exchange is allowed between the gas mixture and the solid plate. The physical model is based on a zero-Mach-number formulation of the axi-symmetric compressible conservation equations. The steady results suggest that the flame consumption speed, the flame structure, and the flame surface area depend significantly on the equivalence ratio, mean inlet velocity, the distance between the perforated plate holes and the plate thermal conductivity. In the case of an adiabatic plate, a conical flame is formed, anchored near the corner of the hole. When the heat exchange between the mixture and the plate is finite, the flame acquires a Gaussian shape stabilizing at a stand-off distance, that grows with the plate conductivity. The flame tip is negatively curved; i.e. concave with respect to the reactants. Downstream of the plate, the flame base is positively curved; i.e. convex with respect to the reactants, stabilizing above a stagnation region established between neighboring holes. As the plate's thermal conductivity increases, the heat flux to the plate decreases, lowering its top surface temperature. As the equivalence ratio increases, the flame moves closer to the plate, raising its temperature, and lowering the flame stand-off distance. As the mean inlet velocity increases, the flame stabilizes further downstream, the flame tip becomes sharper, hence raising the burning rate at that location. The curvature of the flame base depends on the distance between the neighboring holes; and the flame there is characterized by high concentration of intermediates, like carbon monoxide. To investigate flame dynamics, linear transfer functions, for low mean inlet velocity oscillations, are analyzed for different equivalence ratio, mean inlet velocity, plate thermal conductivity and distance between adjacent holes. The oscillations of the heat exchange rate at the top of the burner surface plays a critical role in driving the growth of the perturbations over a wide range of conditions, including resonance. The flame response to the perturbations at its base takes the form of consumption speed oscillations in this region. Flame stand-off distance increases/decreases when the flame-wall interaction strengthens/weakens, impacting the overall dynamics of the heat release. The convective lag between the perturbations and the flame base response govern the phase of heat release rate oscillations. There is an additional convective lag between the perturbations at the flame base and the flame tip which has a weaker impact on the heat release rate oscillations. At higher frequencies, the flame-wall interaction is weaker and the heat release oscillations are driven by the flame area oscillations. The response of the flame to higher amplitude oscillations are used to gain further insight into the mechanisms. Key words: Laminar premixed flames, perforated-plate stabilized flames, flame-wall interactions, flame consumption speed, stand-off distance.

Author: Claude-Michel Brauner
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9789024736560
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 620

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Book Description
This volume contains invited lectures and contributed papers presented at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Mathematical Modeling in Combustion and related topics, held in. Lyon (France), April 27 - 30, 1987. This conference was planned to fit in with the two-month visit of Professor G.S.S. Ludford to the Ecole Centrale de Lyon. He kindly agreed to chair the Scientific and Organizing Committee and actively helped to initiate the meeting. His death in December 1986 is an enormous loss to the scientific community in general, and in particular, to the people involved in the present enterprise. The subject of mathematical modeling in combustion is too large for a single conference, and the selection of topics re flects both areas of recent research activity and areas of in terest to Professor G.S.S. Ludford, to whose memory the Advanced Workshop and this present volume are dedicated. The meeting was divided into seven specialized sessions detonation theory, mathematical analysis, numerical treatment of combustion problems, flame theory, experimental and industrial aspects, complex chemistry, and turbulent combustion. It brought together researchers and engineers from University and Industry (see below the closing remarks of the workshop by Prof. N. Peters). The articles in this volume have been judged and accepted on their scientific quality, and language corrections may have been sacrificed in order to allow quick dissemination of knowledge to prevail.