Statistical Analysis and Biological Implication of Powdery Mildew-responsive Transcriptional Profiling in the Two Vitis Species PDF Download

Author: Yan He
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Grapes
Languages : en
Pages : 190

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Author: Kate Elizabeth Scheibel
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 314

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Powdery mildew, a fungal disease of plants, is one of the most significant causes of crop disease and yield loss worldwide. Collectively, this group of pathogens infects a diverse set of plant hosts, including wheat, barley, grape, and ornamental species. One such mildew, Golovinomyces cichoracearum, is the causative agent of powdery mildew disease on susceptible cucurbit species. The ability of this mildew to infect the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana has allowed for the study of the biology of this important class of plant pathogens in a laboratory setting. When exposed to a susceptible host, G. cichoracearum forms a feeding structure within the plant cell, known as a haustorium. The fungus initiates changes in plant cell structure, gene expression, and nutrient transport to allow for its survival and reproduction. Relatively little is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms employed by the fungus to elicit these cellular changes and evade the plant immune response. This is partially due to the recalcitrance of the fungus to genetic manipulation, the large and complicated nature of the powdery mildew genome, and the lack of genetic and genomic tools that have been developed for the study of this class of organisms. Here, we describe the development of an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated tool for transiently silencing G. cichoracearum genes during infection of Arabidopsis. We demonstrate that this technique can be successfully employed at the early stages of powdery mildew infection, and that silencing an essential fungal gene, GcCYP51, results in reduced haustorial formation and subsequent fungal growth. We then use this technique to identify three G. cichoracearum effectors, GcEC8, GcEC10, and GcEC17, that are required for virulence on Arabidopsis. We then describe efforts to characterize these effectors in terms of gene expression, sub-cellular localization, the identification of plant interacting partners, bioinformatic prediction, and their roles in the suppression of the plant immune response. GcEC10 is characterized as an RNase-like protein and is localized in the plant cytosol and nucleus. GcEC10 may interact with Arabidopsis proteins AtEDR4 and AtPHOS32, two proteins implicated in the plant immune response to pathogens. We determined that GcEC10 expression suppresses the hypersensitive response (HR) elicited by the plant resistance gene/effector pair Bs2/AvrBs2. We propose a potential model in which GcEC10 attenuates the plant immune response leading to the hypersensitive response and immunity to powdery mildew via interference with mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades associated with plant immunity. GcEC8 shares no sequence or domain homology with any proteins outside of the powdery mildews, and may interact with the plant protein AXR3, an auxin-responsive transcription factor. We propose that GcEC8 may interfere with the plant auxin response, leading to increased disease resistance, although the specific mechanism is not yet known. GcEC17 is a highly-conserved powdery mildew effector, and is also characterized as an RNase-like protein. GcEc17 is localized in the plant nucleus and cytosol. Two hypothetical Arabidopsis genes, At4g29905 and At3g32930, were predicted to interact with GcEC17 via yeast two-hybrid, however we have not yet conceived of a model for GcEC17 action during powdery mildew infection. We further describe efforts towards transient plasmid transformation of G. cichoracearum, which we hope will eventually lead to the ability of researchers to introduce the Cas9 genome editing system into the fungus. This might allow for the creation of stable, targeted genetic mutants, which has not yet been achieved in any powdery mildew species. Our efforts were unsuccessful, and here we detail the attempted methodologies in the hopes that future researchers may find more success. Finally, we describe a method developed to achieve the purification of high molecular weight genomic DNA from G. cichoracearum suitable for Pacific Biosciences Single Molecule Long-Read Sequencing, and the analysis of the genome sequence obtained using this method. We compare the genome of G. cichoracearum to the genomes of four other sequenced powdery mildew species, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, B. graminis f. sp. hordei, Erysiphe pisi, and Golovinomyces orontii. We found that the genomes of the mildews are similar in size and gene content, however we found that each species encodes a large, unique repertoire of predicted effector proteins. These experiments provide some of the first insights into the genome and effector biology of the enigmatic plant pathogen G. cichoracearum. By combining novel molecular techniques with next-generation sequencing approaches, we now have a more complete idea of the mechanisms by which this fungus causes disease on its host plants.

Author: Ichiro Uyeda
Publisher: Humana
ISBN: 9781493955404
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
Plant Virology Protocols: New Approaches to Detect Viruses and Host Responses addresses recent developments in genome analyses and cytological technologies being used today to learn more about plant virology. Opening with chapters covering techniques relevant to the detection of unknown viruses and disease diagnosis, this detailed volume continues with chapters on the utilization of meta-genome sequencing and global gene expression analyses for the search and identification of viruses, as well as the elucidation of host responses to viral infection, construction methods of infectious cDNAs, and methods relevant to plant virus control. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Plant Virology Protocols: New Approaches to Detect Viruses and Host Responses will be an invaluable guide to researchers working in the field of plant sciences.

Author: Douglas Malcolm Spencer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 666

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Author: Jozef Samaj
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540726179
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 397

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Book Description
Plant Proteomics highlights rapid progress in this field, with emphasis on recent work in model plant species, sub-cellular organelles, and specific aspects of the plant life cycle such as signaling, reproduction and stress physiology. Several chapters present a detailed look at diverse integrated approaches, including advanced proteomic techniques combined with functional genomics, bioinformatics, metabolomics and molecular cell biology, making this book a valuable resource for a broad spectrum of readers.

Author: Karansher Singh Sandhu
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832529615
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 657

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Author: Dario Cantu
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030186016
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 367

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Book Description
This book describes the current state of international grape genomics, with a focus on the latest findings, tools and strategies employed in genome sequencing and analysis, and genetic mapping of important agronomic traits. It also discusses how these are having a direct impact on outcomes for grape breeders and the international grape research community. While V. vinifera is a model species, it is not always appreciated that its cultivation usually requires the use of other Vitis species as rootstocks. The book discusses genetic diversity within the Vitis genus, the available genetic resources for breeding, and the available genomic resources for other Vitis species. Grapes (Vitis vinifera spp. vinifera) have been a source of food and wine since their domestication from their wild progenitor (Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris) around 8,000 years ago, and they are now the world’s most valuable horticultural crop. In addition to being economically important, V. vinifera is also a model organism for the study of perennial fruit crops for two reasons: Firstly, its ability to be transformed and micropropagated via somatic embryogenesis, and secondly its relatively small genome size of 500 Mb. The economic importance of grapes made V. vinifera an obvious early candidate for genomic sequencing, and accordingly, two draft genomes were reported in 2007. Remarkably, these were the first genomes of any fruiting crop to be sequenced and only the fourth for flowering plants. Although riddled with gaps and potentially omitting large regions of repetitive sequences, the two genomes have provided valuable insights into grape genomes. Cited in over 2,000 articles, the genome has served as a reference in more than 3,000 genome-wide transcriptional analyses. Further, recent advances in DNA sequencing and bioinformatics are enabling the assembly of reference-grade genome references for more grape genotypes revealing the exceptional extent of structural variation in the species.

Author: Michael G. Mullins
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521305075
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 256

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Book Description
Information on the evolution, taxonomy, morphology, anatomy, physiology and genetics of grapevines has been scarce and thinly spread in the literature on horticulture and the plant sciences. This book aims to provide a concise but comprehensive overview of the biology and cultivation of the grapevine, accessible to all concerned with viticulture. After a description of the essential features of viticulture, including a concise history from antiquity to modern times, the taxonomy of the grapevine and the evolutionary processes which gave rise to the diversity within the Vitaceae is considered. Particular attention is paid to the genera Vitis and Muscadinia, which are considered a reserve of genetic variation for the improvement of grapevines. A description of the vegetative and reproductive anatomy of the grapevine precedes a full discussion of the developmental and environmental physiology of these fascinating and economically important plants. The concluding chapter considers the potential for genetic improvement of grapevines and includes coverage of the problems encountered, and the methods and strategies employed in breeding for scions and rootstocks.

Author: M. Teresa Sanchez-Ballesta
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832508782
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 211

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Author: P. Vidhyasekaran
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9789401792868
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 458

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Book Description
Plants are endowed with innate immune system, which acts as a surveillance system against possible attack by pathogens. Plant innate immune systems have high potential to fight against viral, bacterial, oomycete and fungal pathogens and protect the crop plants against wide range of diseases. However, the innate immune system is a sleeping system in unstressed healthy plants. Fast and strong activation of the plant immune responses aids the host plants to win the war against the pathogens. Plant hormone signaling systems including salicylate (SA), jasmonate (JA), ethylene (ET), abscisic acid (ABA), auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins and brassinosteroids signaling systems play a key role in activation of the sleeping immune systems. Suppression or induction of specific hormone signaling systems may result in disease development or disease resistance. Specific signaling pathway has to be activated to confer resistance against specific pathogen in a particular host. Two forms of induced resistance, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR), have been recognized based on the induction of specific hormone signaling systems. Specific hormone signaling system determines the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions, culminating in disease development or disease resistance. Susceptibility or resistance against a particular pathogen is determined by the action of the signaling network. The disease outcome is often determined by complex network of interactions among multiple hormone signaling pathways. Manipulation of the complex hormone signaling systems and fine tuning the hormone signaling events would help in management of various crop diseases. The purpose of the book is to critically examine the potential methods to manipulate the multiple plant hormone signaling systems to aid the host plants to win the battle against pathogens.