Sprayer Nozzle, Spray Volume, and Adjuvant Effects on Herbicide Efficacy, Coverage, Retention, and Drift PDF Download

Author: Bradford Kurt Ramsdale
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Herbicides
Languages : en
Pages : 144

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Author: Kelli L. Nelms
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Adjuvant
Languages : en
Pages : 11

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Book Description
Many factors, including adjuvants, pesticide formulations, and nozzle tips, affect spray droplet size. It is important to understand these factors as spray droplet size affects both drift and efficacy of pesticides, which is a main concern with pesticide application. A laser particle analyzer was used to determine the spray droplet size and distributions of a range of formulations sprayed through several types of nozzle tips. Nozzles included were extended range flat fan sizes 11003 and 11005 (Spraying Systems XR), air induction flat fan sizes 11005 and 11004 (AI), air induction extended range flat fan size 11005 (AIXR), preorifice flat fan size 11005 (TT), and a second preorifice flat fan size 2.5 (TF). Several deposition/retention adjuvants were studied, including Array, Interlock, In-Place, and Thrust. Another study looked at diflufenzopyr + dicamba (Status, BASF) in combination with several adjuvants. Also, three fungicides were evaluated at differing spray volumes. Results indicated that the droplet size of some nozzle tips is more affected than others by changes in the contents of the spray solution.

Author: Greg R. Kruger
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Adjuvant
Languages : en
Pages : 13

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An Ultra-Low Volume (ULV) sprayer was developed to decrease spray volume needed for crop production pesticide applications. A field study was conducted at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln: West Central Research and Extension Center Dryland Farm near North Platte, NE in 2011 and 2012 to determine efficacy of herbicide active ingredients when applied by a ULV sprayer compared to a conventional sprayer. The effect of four drift reducing adjuvants on glyphosate efficacy with an ULV sprayer at two pressures was also evaluated. Ten active ingredients with each sprayer and an untreated check (21 total treatments) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The ten herbicides chosen were glyphosate, glufosinate, 2,4-D ester, dicamba, atrazine, saflufenacil, mesotrione, chloransulam-methyl, sodium salt of bentazon, and clethodim. Additionally, four drift reducing adjuvants, a glyphosate check and an untreated check were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The four adjuvants selected were hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), polyethylene oxide (PEO), methylated soybean oil (MSO), and glycerin. Treatments were applied across a 12 row plot planted to six different plant species. Plant species used were non-glyphosate-resistant corn (Zea mays L.) non-glyphosate-resistant soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.), and green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.). Treatments in both studies were analyzed for their relative particle size on a laser diffraction instrument. Five plants of each species per plot were harvested four weeks after application, dried for 48 h at 63°C and dry weights were recorded. The active ingredient study yielded no difference in efficacy between sprayer types across all six species in 2011 but was different in corn in 2012. Simple effect differences of treatment by sprayer type were observed in both years. The adjuvant study had no difference in glyphosate efficacy across the four adjuvants or the glyphosate check over the six species in 2011 and corn and soybean in 2012. Additionally, pressure did not affect efficacy across all treatments. The results indicate that the ULV sprayer is potentially an effective method for delivering herbicides.

Author: Paul N. P. Chow
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1351086391
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 238

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Studies of Adjuvants involve many scientific fields from basic research of the chemistry, through investigations into physiological effects and environmental impact, to mixture formulation and field use. These important areas are illustrated in these two volumes, which are contributions from the First International Symposium on Adjuvants for Agrochemicals, held in Brandon, Manitoba on August 5 to 7, 1986. A total of 200 participants from 19 countries met to discuss their common interest in adjuvant science, technology, and application. It is the editors hope that these volumes will stimulate interest in and promote a better understanding of the chemical, physiological, and agronomic aspects of adjuvants as they relate agrochemicals. In addition, the revisedAdjuvants for Agrochemicals: A Selected Bibliography of World Literature in the English Language will be a valuable resource for agricultural researchers and other users. We hope that adjuvant research will lead to even safer, more efficient, and more economical use of chemicals in agriculture and forestry.

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agriculture
Languages : en
Pages : 592

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Author: Elizabeth J. Jones
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Herbicides
Languages : en
Pages : 20

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Author: Barbara Houston
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
Herbicide performance is directly related to the amount of active ingredient that has been deposited on the plant. Hence, spray solution characteristics and application parameters are crucial in determining the efficacy of an herbicide application. To maximize the effectiveness of chemical control, methods to deliver full chemical dose must be utilized: allowing the active ingredient to be readily absorbed once added to the carrier and mitigating off-target movement and low herbicide doses. Water is the most frequently used carrier in herbicide applications. Chemical parameters, such as water hardness and pH, can have a critical role in herbicide performance. It is generally believed that weak acid herbicides, such as glyphosate and 2,4-D, have higher dissociation in higher carrier pH, which leads to decreased uptake into plants. Moreover, increased concentration of hard water cations may have antagonistic effect on weak acid herbicide applications. To overcome the negative effect of water quality on weak acid applications, addition of water conditioning adjuvants is recommended. Carrier volume and droplet size are crucial parameters in application technology that can also impact herbicide performance. Nozzles and their spray characteristics have gone under significant development in past decades to enhance spray potential under a wide range of conditions. Introduction of air inclusion nozzles provided the ability to create larger droplets at the same pressure and flow rate as conventional nozzles, resulting in less drift. Controlling off target movement essentiality decreases the potential for herbicide resistance selection on weeds, as well as injury on sensitive crops. Hence, the objectives of this research were to investigate water quality, carrier volume and droplet size effects on herbicide efficacy and drift potential.

Author: F. Sexton
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Endothall
Languages : en
Pages : 10

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Minimizing off-target drift of pesticides while optimizing spray efficacy is the desired goal for pesticide applicators. However, these two factors often offset one another; i.e., a reduction in drift potential may reduce efficacy. A unique nozzle-adjuvant system that has minimal driftable fraction at reduced spray volumes using invert emulsion technology was evaluated. Research was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of several different agrichemicals at several different volumes using this nozzle-adjuvant system. Results indicated that spray volume for glyphosate-isopropylamine and glufosinate-ammonium could be substantially reduced when using the invert emulsion nozzle. Further, three common cotton defoliation products were as effective at 47 L/ha spray volume using the new spraying system compared with conventional application at 95 L/ha. In forestry site preparation research, several commonly used site preparation treatments were more effective at 47 L/ha spray volume using the invert emulsion technology than at 95 L/ha using AccuFlo nozzles.

Author: Kevin Penfield
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Adjuvant
Languages : en
Pages : 12

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Book Description
Drifting of fine droplets during the application of pesticides is an issue of increasing commercial and regulatory importance. Spray drift damages susceptible crops, wastes resources, and results in inconsistent weed control. Several strategies are currently used to mitigate this problem. These include enhanced nozzle technology, improved application techniques, and inclusion of drift control additives in the final tank mix. Elimination of small diameter droplets ("driftable fines") is a key goal. Measurements were made of droplet size distributions of sprayed pesticide formulations containing commercial products representative of the leading drift control technologies, including guar, polyacrylamides, lecithin, and oil/surfactant mixtures. Effects of spray nozzle and pressure were also evaluated. Nozzle technology plays a large role in determining the spray droplet size spectrum. However, there is a strong interplay between nozzle design and formulation variables. We found that drift control agents have greater impact on spray from flat fan nozzles. Also, the ranking of adjuvants depends on the nozzle technology in use: for glyphosate/ammonium sulfate solutions, polymers were more effective in reducing fines from a flat fan nozzle, while surfactant-based products were marginally superior when an air induction nozzle was used. The regulatory community is currently focused on mitigating the generation of small droplets. However, the generation of oversized droplets also effects spray efficacy. The impact of drift control agents on the breadth of the droplet size spectrum is an aspect of drift control which is often overlooked. We found that emulsion-based products tighten the droplet size distribution, while the polymer-based products shift the mean droplet diameter up, broadening the distribution in the process: while the latter effect may earn better ratings from regulatory agencies concerned exclusively with spray drift mitigation, it may be less helpful in enhancing application efficacy.

Author: Joel Steven Roehl
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Herbicides
Languages : en
Pages : 108

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