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Author: Carlos Alberto Sierra Publisher: ISBN: Category : Carbon cycle (Biogeochemistry) Languages : en Pages : 304
Book Description
Despite the importance of tropical forest ecosystems in the global carbon cycle, there have been few studies of carbon dynamics in this biome. The magnitude of carbon stocks in the tropics and their changes over time are poorly known since ground-based observations are lacking. In this study, total carbon stocks (TCS) and net ecosystem production (NEP) were quantified for tropical forests of the Porce region of Colombia. A modeling exercise was also performed to analyze the effects of population and community processes on carbon dynamics at the ecosystem level. A set of 110 permanent plots were used to estimate TCS and its uncertainty in primary and secondary forests. In primary forests, mean TCS were estimated to be 383.7 ± 43.0 Mg C ha-1 (± standard error). Of this amount, soil organic carbon to 4 m depth represented 59%, total aboveground biomass 29%, total belowground biomass 10%, and necromass 2%. In secondary forests, TCS was 228.2 ± 11.5 Mg C ha-1. Of this store, soil organic carbon to 4 m depth accounted for 84%, total aboveground biomass represented only 9%, total belowground biomass 5%, and total necromass 1%. Based on the uncertainty analysis of TCS estimates, the variability associated with the spatial variation of C pools between plots was higher than measurement errors within plots. A larger variability was observed in primary than in secondary forests and this difference might be explained by gap dynamics. Net ecosystem production was measured in primary forests in a set of 33 permanent plots from 2000 to 2002 in two, one-year intervals. Uncertainty analysis indicated that NEP ranged between -4.03 and 2.22 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 for the two intervals. This range was compared to a priori defined range of natural variation ( -1.5 and 1.5 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) estimated from the ecosystem model STANDCARB. The observed variation in NEP did not provide sufficient evidence to reject the hypothesis that the ecosystem was within its expected natural range. Simulations using the STANDCARB model showed that at the population level, the processes of colonization and mortality can limit the maximum biomass achieved during a successional sequence. Colonization can introduce lags during the initiation of succession and mortality can have important effects on annual variation in carbon stores. Community dynamics, defined as the replacement of species during succession, altered the mixture of species over time. When species had different ecosystem parameters, such as growth and mortality rates, community dynamics caused non-linear patterns of carbon accumulation. These patterns could not be reproduced using a single species with the average of parameters of a multi-species simulation or by using the more abundant species in the simulations.
Author: Carlos Alberto Sierra Publisher: ISBN: Category : Carbon cycle (Biogeochemistry) Languages : en Pages : 304
Book Description
Despite the importance of tropical forest ecosystems in the global carbon cycle, there have been few studies of carbon dynamics in this biome. The magnitude of carbon stocks in the tropics and their changes over time are poorly known since ground-based observations are lacking. In this study, total carbon stocks (TCS) and net ecosystem production (NEP) were quantified for tropical forests of the Porce region of Colombia. A modeling exercise was also performed to analyze the effects of population and community processes on carbon dynamics at the ecosystem level. A set of 110 permanent plots were used to estimate TCS and its uncertainty in primary and secondary forests. In primary forests, mean TCS were estimated to be 383.7 ± 43.0 Mg C ha-1 (± standard error). Of this amount, soil organic carbon to 4 m depth represented 59%, total aboveground biomass 29%, total belowground biomass 10%, and necromass 2%. In secondary forests, TCS was 228.2 ± 11.5 Mg C ha-1. Of this store, soil organic carbon to 4 m depth accounted for 84%, total aboveground biomass represented only 9%, total belowground biomass 5%, and total necromass 1%. Based on the uncertainty analysis of TCS estimates, the variability associated with the spatial variation of C pools between plots was higher than measurement errors within plots. A larger variability was observed in primary than in secondary forests and this difference might be explained by gap dynamics. Net ecosystem production was measured in primary forests in a set of 33 permanent plots from 2000 to 2002 in two, one-year intervals. Uncertainty analysis indicated that NEP ranged between -4.03 and 2.22 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 for the two intervals. This range was compared to a priori defined range of natural variation ( -1.5 and 1.5 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) estimated from the ecosystem model STANDCARB. The observed variation in NEP did not provide sufficient evidence to reject the hypothesis that the ecosystem was within its expected natural range. Simulations using the STANDCARB model showed that at the population level, the processes of colonization and mortality can limit the maximum biomass achieved during a successional sequence. Colonization can introduce lags during the initiation of succession and mortality can have important effects on annual variation in carbon stores. Community dynamics, defined as the replacement of species during succession, altered the mixture of species over time. When species had different ecosystem parameters, such as growth and mortality rates, community dynamics caused non-linear patterns of carbon accumulation. These patterns could not be reproduced using a single species with the average of parameters of a multi-species simulation or by using the more abundant species in the simulations.
Author: Grizelle González Publisher: MDPI ISBN: 3039219642 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 242
Book Description
This Special Issue looks forward as well as backward to best analyze the forest conservation challenges of the Caribbean. This is made possible by 75 years of research and applications by the United States Department of Agriculture, International Institute of Tropical Forestry (the Institute) of Puerto Rico. It transforms Holocene-based scientific paradigms of the tropics into Anthropocene applications and outlooks of wilderness, managed forests, and urban environments. This volume showcases how the focus of the Institute’s programs is evolving to support sustainable tropical forest conservation despite uncertain conditions. The manuscripts showcased here highlight the importance of shared stewardship and a long-term, hands-on approach to conservation, research programs, and novel organizations intended to meet contemporary conservation challenges. Policies relevant to the Anthropocene, as well as the use of experiments to anticipate future responses of tropical forests to global warming, are reexamined in these pages. Urban topics include how cities can co-produce new knowledge to spark sustainable and resilient transformations. Long-term results and research applications of topics such as soil biota, migratory birds, tropical vegetation, substrate chemistry, and the tropical carbon cycle are also described in the volume. Moreover, the question of how to best use land on a tropical island is addressed. This volume is intended to be of interest to all actors involved in long-term sustainable forest management and research in light of the historical lessons and future directions that may come out of a better understanding of tropical cities and forests in the Anthropocene epoch.
Author: Yadvinder Malhi Publisher: OUP Oxford ISBN: 0191524271 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 280
Book Description
Tropical forests represent the world's most biodiverse ecosystems and play a key role in hydrology, carbon storage and exchange. Many of the human-induced pressures these regions are facing, e.g. fragmentation and deforestation, have been widely reported and well documented. However, there have been surprisingly few efforts to synthesize cutting-edge science in the area of tropical forest interaction with atmospheric change. At a time when our global atmosphere is undergoing a period of rapid change, both in terms of climate and in the cycling of essential elements such as carbon and nitrogen, a thorough and up-to-date analysis is now timely. This research level text, suitable for graduate level students as well as professional researchers in plant ecology, tropical forestry, climate change science, and conservation biology, explores the vigorous contemporary debate as to how rapidly tropical forests may be affected by atmospheric change, and what this may mean for their future.
Author: Francis Q Brearley Publisher: CABI ISBN: 1780642105 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 201
Book Description
This book examines the effects that land-use changes (notably agricultural intensification, logging, soil erosion, urbanisation and mining) have on soil characteristics and processes in tropical and savannah environments. It covers a range of geographical regions and environments as impacts of land use change are often site specific. The effects of land use change on various aspects of the soil ecosystem from both a chemical and biological perspective will be examined.
Author: Felipe Bravo Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1402083432 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 334
Book Description
Climate changes, particularly warming trends, have been recorded around the globe. For many countries, these changes in climate have become evident through insect epidemics (e.g., Mountain Pine Beetle epidemic in Western Canada, bark beetle in secondary spruce forests in Central Europe), water shortages and intense forest fires in the Mediterranean countries (e.g., 2005 droughts in Spain), and unusual storm activities (e.g., the 2004 South-East Asia Tsunami). Climate changes are expected to impact vegetation as manifested by changes in vegetation extent, migration of species, tree species composition, growth rates, and mortality. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has included discussions on how forests may be impacted, and how they may be used to mitigate the impacts of changes in climate, to possibly slow the rate of change. This book provides current scientific information on the biological and economical impacts of climate changes in forest environments, as well as information on how forest management activities might mitigate these impacts, particularly through carbon sequestration. Case studies from a wide geographic range are presented. This information is beneficial to managers and researchers interested in climate change and impacts upon forest environments and economic activities. This volume, which forms part of Springer’s book series Managing Forest Ecosystems, presents state-of-the-art research results, visions and theories, as well as specific methods for sustainable forest management in changing climatic conditions.
Author: L. 't Mannetje Publisher: BRILL ISBN: 9086866328 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 221
Book Description
"The increasing scientific consensus on global warming, together with the precautionary principle and the fear of non-linear climate transitions is leading to increasing action to mitigate global warming. To help mitigate global warming, carbon storage by forests is often mentioned as the only or the best way to reduce the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. This book presents evidence that tropical grasslands, which cover 50% of the earth’s surface, are as important as forests for the sequestration of carbon. Results are reported of a large five year on-farm research project carried out in Latin America (Colombia, Costa Rica). Soil and vegetation carbon stocks of long-established pasture, fodder bank and silvopastoral systems on commercial farms were compared with those of adjacent forest and degraded land. The objective was to identify production systems that both increase livestock productivity and farm income and, at the same time, contribute to a reduction of carbon accumulation in the atmosphere. The project was carried out in four ecosystems: the Andean hillsides of the semi-evergreen forest in Colombia; the Colombian humid Amazonian tropical forest ecosystem; the sub-humid tropical forest ecosystem on the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica; and the humid tropical forest ecosystem on the Atlantic Coast of Costa Rica. The book is recommended reading for research and teaching scientists and policy makers with an interest to mitigating global warming."
Author: Carlos Alberto Sierra
Author: Carlos Alberto Sierra
Author: Cécile Aurélie Julie Girardin
Author: Grizelle González
Author: Rodrigo Vargas Ramos
Author: Yadvinder Malhi
Author: Francis Q Brearley
Author: Felipe Bravo
Author: L. 't Mannetje
Author: Luitgard Cäcilia Schwendenmann
Author: Yadvinder Malhi