Sources, Amounts, and Characteristics of Low-level Radioactive Solid Wastes PDF Download
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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Low-level radioactive solid wastes (LLW) are generated in the nuclear fuel cycle, national defense programs, institutional (especially medical/biological) applications, and other research and development activities. The estimated total accumulation of defense LLW, approx. 50.8 x 10/sup 6/ ft/sup 3/ (approx. 1.4 x 10/sup 6/ m/sup 3/), is roughly three times that estimated for commercial LLW, mill tailings excepted. All nuclear fuel cycle steps generate some LLW, but power plants are the chief source. From 1975 through 1977, reactor process stream cleanup generated approx. 1 x 10/sup 6/ (approx. 2.8 x 10/sup 4/ m/sup 3/) annually. Spent fuel storage (or reprocessing) and facility decontamination and decommissioning will become important LLW generators as the nuclear power industry matures. The LLW contains dry contaminated trash, much of which is combustible and/or compactible; discarded tools and equipment; wet filter sludges and ion-exchange resins; disposable filter cartridges; and solidified or sorbed liquids, including some organics. A distinguishing characteristic of LLW is a long-lived alpha-emitting transuranic content of 10 nCi/g; this limit, however, is presently under review by NRC. If it is increased, the amount of LLW would also increase. The nonfuel-cycle waste generation rate in 1975 was estimated to be approx. 7.6 x 10/sup 5/ ft/sup 3/ (approx. 2.1 x 10/sup 4/ m/sup 3/)/y. The majority of these wastes, 6 x 10/sup 5/ ft/sup 3/(> 1.7 x 10/sup 4/ m/sup 3/), was medical and academic wastes which usually contained isotopes with induced activities of less than or equal to 60-day half-life, neglecting /sup 3/H and /sup 14/C.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Low-level radioactive solid wastes (LLW) are generated in the nuclear fuel cycle, national defense programs, institutional (especially medical/biological) applications, and other research and development activities. The estimated total accumulation of defense LLW, approx. 50.8 x 10/sup 6/ ft/sup 3/ (approx. 1.4 x 10/sup 6/ m/sup 3/), is roughly three times that estimated for commercial LLW, mill tailings excepted. All nuclear fuel cycle steps generate some LLW, but power plants are the chief source. From 1975 through 1977, reactor process stream cleanup generated approx. 1 x 10/sup 6/ (approx. 2.8 x 10/sup 4/ m/sup 3/) annually. Spent fuel storage (or reprocessing) and facility decontamination and decommissioning will become important LLW generators as the nuclear power industry matures. The LLW contains dry contaminated trash, much of which is combustible and/or compactible; discarded tools and equipment; wet filter sludges and ion-exchange resins; disposable filter cartridges; and solidified or sorbed liquids, including some organics. A distinguishing characteristic of LLW is a long-lived alpha-emitting transuranic content of 10 nCi/g; this limit, however, is presently under review by NRC. If it is increased, the amount of LLW would also increase. The nonfuel-cycle waste generation rate in 1975 was estimated to be approx. 7.6 x 10/sup 5/ ft/sup 3/ (approx. 2.1 x 10/sup 4/ m/sup 3/)/y. The majority of these wastes, 6 x 10/sup 5/ ft/sup 3/(> 1.7 x 10/sup 4/ m/sup 3/), was medical and academic wastes which usually contained isotopes with induced activities of less than or equal to 60-day half-life, neglecting /sup 3/H and /sup 14/C.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309164699 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 224
Book Description
The largest volumes of radioactive wastes in the United States contain only small amounts of radioactive material. These low-activity wastes (LAW) come from hospitals, utilities, research institutions, and defense installations where nuclear material is used. Millions of cubic feet of LAW also arise every year from non-nuclear enterprises such as mining and water treatment. While LAW present much less of a radiation hazard than spent nuclear fuel or high-level radioactive wastes, they can cause health risks if controlled improperly. Improving the Regulation and Management of Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes asserts that LAW should be regulated and managed according to the degree of risk they pose for treatment, storage, and disposal. Current regulations are based primarily on the type of industry that produced the waste-the waste's origin-rather than its risk. In this report, a risk-informed approach for regulating and managing all types of LAW in the United States is proposed. Implemented in a gradual or stepwise fashion, this approach combines scientific risk assessment with public values and perceptions. It focuses on the hazardous properties of the waste in question and how they compare with other waste materials. The approach is based on established principles for risk-informed decision making, current risk-informed initiatives by waste regulators in the United States and abroad, solutions available under current regulatory authorities, and remedies through new legislation when necessary.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309456789 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 163
Book Description
The Department of Energy's Office of Environmental Management (DOE) is responsible for the safe cleanup of sites used for nuclear weapons development and government-sponsored nuclear energy research. Low-level radioactive waste (LLW) is the most volumetrically significant waste stream generated by the DOE cleanup program. LLW is also generated through commercial activities such as nuclear power plant operations and medical treatments. The laws and regulations related to the disposal of LLW in the United States have evolved over time and across agencies and states, resulting in a complex regulatory structure. DOE asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to organize a workshop to discuss approaches for the management and disposition of LLW. Participants explored the key physical, chemical, and radiological characteristics of low-level waste that govern its safe and secure management and disposal in aggregate and in individual waste streams, and how key characteristics of low level waste are incorporated into standards, orders, and regulations that govern the management and disposal of LLW in the United States and in other major waste-producing countries. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
Author: International Atomic Energy Agency Publisher: IAEA ISBN: Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 188
Book Description
Over the past decade significant progress has been achieved in the development of waste characterization and control procedures and equipment as a direct response to ever-increasing requirements for quality and reliability of information on waste characteristics. Failure in control procedures at any step can have important, adverse consequences and may result in producing waste packages which are not compliant with the waste acceptance criteria for disposal, thereby adversely impacting the repository. The information and guidance included in this publication corresponds to recent achievements and reflects the optimum approaches, thereby reducing the potential for error and enhancing the quality of the end product. -- Publisher's description.
Author: OECD Nuclear Energy Agency Publisher: OECD Publishing ISBN: Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 188
Book Description
This report sets out the costs of operating disposal sites for LLW in OECD countries, as well as the factors that may affect the costs of sites being developed.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
This technical manual presents updated generic source terms (i.e., unitized amounts and radionuclide compositions) which have been developed for use in the Integrated Data Base (IDB) Program of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). These source terms were used in the IDB annual report, Integrated Data Base for 1992: Spent Fuel and Radioactive Waste Inventories, Projections, and Characteristics, DOE/RW-0006, Rev. 8, October 1992. They are useful as a basis for projecting future amounts (volume and radioactivity) of low-level radioactive waste (LLW) shipped for disposal at commercial burial grounds or sent for storage at DOE solid-waste sites. Commercial fuel cycle LLW categories include boiling-water reactor, pressurized-water reactor, fuel fabrication, and uranium hexafluoride (UF[sub 6]) conversion. Commercial nonfuel cycle LLW includes institutional/industrial (I/I) waste. The LLW from DOE operations is category as uranium/thorium fission product, induced activity, tritium, alpha, and [open-quotes]other[close-quotes]. Fuel cycle commercial LLW source terms are normalized on the basis of net electrical output [MW(e)-year], except for UF[sub 6] conversion, which is normalized on the basis of heavy metal requirement [metric tons of initial heavy metal]. The nonfuel cycle commercial LLW source term is normalized on the basis of volume (cubic meters) and radioactivity (curies) for each subclass within the I/I category. The DOE LLW is normalized in a manner similar to that for commercial I/I waste. The revised source terms are based on the best available historical data through 1992.
Author: William E Lee Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 085709744X Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 925
Book Description
Radioactive waste management and contaminated site clean-up reviews radioactive waste management processes, technologies, and international experiences. Part one explores the fundamentals of radioactive waste including sources, characterisation, and processing strategies. International safety standards, risk assessment of radioactive wastes and remediation of contaminated sites and irradiated nuclear fuel management are also reviewed. Part two highlights the current international situation across Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. The experience in Japan, with a specific chapter on Fukushima, is also covered. Finally, part three explores the clean-up of sites contaminated by weapons programmes including the USA and former USSR.Radioactive waste management and contaminated site clean-up is a comprehensive resource for professionals, researchers, scientists and academics in radioactive waste management, governmental and other regulatory bodies and the nuclear power industry. - Explores the fundamentals of radioactive waste including sources, characterisation, and processing strategies - Reviews international safety standards, risk assessment of radioactive wastes and remediation of contaminated sites and irradiated nuclear fuel management - Highlights the current international situation across Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America specifically including a chapter on the experience in Fukushima, Japan
Author: 
Author: 
Author: National Research Council
Author: Charles H. Fox
Author: Charles H. Fox (nuclear physicist.)
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Author: Conrad P. Straub
Author: International Atomic Energy Agency
Author: OECD Nuclear Energy Agency
Author: 
Author: William E Lee