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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
A semi-detailed soot model was successfully implemented in the KIVA3v2-ERC code, which features a discrete multi-component (DMC) fuel vaporization model. A spark ignition model and the G-equation turbulent flame propagation model were also implemented for modeling direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) engines. Chemistry parallelization for the soot model was also successfully realized in this work. Chemistry parallelization and a newly developed chemistry solver (SpeedCHEM) further reduced the computational time and enabled the successful application of the final code (KIVA-DMC-detsoot-G-SC) to DISI engines with the consideration of multi-component surrogates for real gasoline fuels and 3-D full cylinder engine grids. The semi-detailed soot model considered: soot inception from a four-ring aromatic (A4), soot surface growth through acetylene (C2H2) and aromatics from single-ring to four-ring species (A1, A2, A3, A4), soot coagulation, and soot oxidation through O2 and OH. A reduced polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) chemistry mechanism was coupled with n-heptane, iso-octane and toluene chemistry mechanisms. The combination of the chemistry mechanisms and the soot model was then validated based on experiments in terms of ignition delay, fundamental premixed flames, SANDIA constant volume chamber spray combustion. The pyrolysis process is also a significant process for soot formation at the conditions of DISI engines. Important species for soot formation from toluene pyrolysis processes were also validated based on experiments, and then coupled with the current n-heptane/iso-octane/toluene/PAH chemistry mechanisms for application to DISI engines. The vaporization of wall films plays a significant role in soot formation and a grid-independent wall film vaporization model was formulated for predicting soot emissions near wall films Predicted in-cylinder pressure and particle size distributions (PSDs) were compared to available premixed engine experimental studies. Quantitative agreements of in-cylinder particle distributions are also obtained. The improved models were then applied to studies of soot emissions from early- and late-injection strategies in a four-valve single-cylinder gasoline DISI engine, and the trends were consistent with literature or experimental data.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
A semi-detailed soot model was successfully implemented in the KIVA3v2-ERC code, which features a discrete multi-component (DMC) fuel vaporization model. A spark ignition model and the G-equation turbulent flame propagation model were also implemented for modeling direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) engines. Chemistry parallelization for the soot model was also successfully realized in this work. Chemistry parallelization and a newly developed chemistry solver (SpeedCHEM) further reduced the computational time and enabled the successful application of the final code (KIVA-DMC-detsoot-G-SC) to DISI engines with the consideration of multi-component surrogates for real gasoline fuels and 3-D full cylinder engine grids. The semi-detailed soot model considered: soot inception from a four-ring aromatic (A4), soot surface growth through acetylene (C2H2) and aromatics from single-ring to four-ring species (A1, A2, A3, A4), soot coagulation, and soot oxidation through O2 and OH. A reduced polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) chemistry mechanism was coupled with n-heptane, iso-octane and toluene chemistry mechanisms. The combination of the chemistry mechanisms and the soot model was then validated based on experiments in terms of ignition delay, fundamental premixed flames, SANDIA constant volume chamber spray combustion. The pyrolysis process is also a significant process for soot formation at the conditions of DISI engines. Important species for soot formation from toluene pyrolysis processes were also validated based on experiments, and then coupled with the current n-heptane/iso-octane/toluene/PAH chemistry mechanisms for application to DISI engines. The vaporization of wall films plays a significant role in soot formation and a grid-independent wall film vaporization model was formulated for predicting soot emissions near wall films Predicted in-cylinder pressure and particle size distributions (PSDs) were compared to available premixed engine experimental studies. Quantitative agreements of in-cylinder particle distributions are also obtained. The improved models were then applied to studies of soot emissions from early- and late-injection strategies in a four-valve single-cylinder gasoline DISI engine, and the trends were consistent with literature or experimental data.
Author: Markus Bertsch Publisher: Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH ISBN: 3832544038 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 170
Book Description
This thesis discusses experimental investigations to reduce particle number emissions from gasoline engines with direct injection. Measures on a single cylinder research engine with combined usage of a particle number measurement system, a particle size distribution measurement system as well as optical diagnostics and thermodynamic analysis enable an in-depth assessment of particle formation and oxidation. Therefore, numerous optical diagnostic techniques for spray visualisation (Mie-scattering, High-Speed PIV) and soot detection (High-Speed-Imaging, Fiber optical diagnostics) are deployed. Two injectors with different hydraulic flows but identical spray-targeting are characterised and compared by measurements in a pressurised chamber. The operation at higher engine load and low engine speed is in the focus of the experimental work at the engine test bench. Thereby, the low flow velocities in the combustion chamber, caused by the low engine speed, as well as the large amount of fuel injected are major challenges for the mixture formation process. A substantial part of the thesis thus focusses on the detailed analysis of the mixture formation process, which is consisting of fuel injection, interaction of the in-cylinder charge motion with the fuel injected and the fuel properties. Measures for the optimisation of the mixture formation process and the minimisation of the particle number emissions are analysed and evaluated. The charge motion is manipulated by the impression of a directed flow, the variation of the valve timings and valve open curve. The injection process is influenced by a reduction of the hydraulic flow of the injector and an increase of the injection pressure up to 50 MPa. The investigations show fundamental effects and potentials of different variation parameters concerning their emissions reduction potential at the exemplary operation at high engine load. Due to the simultaneous analysis of the in-cylinder charge motion and a thermodynamic analysis, the results can be transferred to different engines.
Author: Justin Edward Ketterer Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 182
Book Description
Direct injection spark ignition engines are growing rapidly in popularity, largely due to the fuel efficiency improvements in the turbo-downsized engine configuration that are enabled by direct injection technology. Unfortunately, direct injection spark ignition engines also emit higher concentrations of particulate matter than conventional port fuel injected engines. In light of evidence linking particulate matter to adverse human health impacts, particulate emissions standards have been strengthened in both the United States and in Europe. A great deal of research seeking particulate emissions reductions is ongoing. This study contributes to this body of research by offering a refined explanation of the soot formation process in direct injection engines under cold-idle operating conditions. A number of engine and rapid compression machine experiments were conducted in order to understand the impacts of engine operating conditions and fuel composition on particulate matter emissions. Using these data, a conceptual model describing the formation of soot in direct injection engines is outlined. This model suggests that soot forms after the main combustion event in fuel vapour plumes surrounding liquid fuel films on cylinder surfaces through pyrolytic reactions enabled by heat transfer from burned gases from the primary combustion event.
Author: Salih Manasra Publisher: ISBN: 9783832530013 Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
There is interest in a substitution of conventional diesel fuel by alternative hydrocarbons. For example natural gas can be converted into liquid hydrocarbons using the Fischer-Tropsch process. Resulting Gas-To-Liquid (GTL) fuels may have considerable advantages with respect to their combustion. GTL fuels are appropriate for conventional diesel engines provided their operation is modified. In this context the injection strategy including injection timing and pressure is most important for the combustion process and resulting pollutants. In his experiments, the author has studied injection and combustion of GTL fuels. His investigations were focused on observing, characterizing and comparing soot formation in GTL fueled diesel engines.
Author: Thorsten Boger Publisher: SAE International ISBN: 0768094178 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 350
Book Description
For years, diesel engines have been the focus of particulate matter emission reductions. Now, however, modern diesel engines emit less particles than a comparable gasoline engine. This transformation necessitates an introduction of particulate reduction strategies for the gasoline-powered vehicle. Many strategies can be leveraged from diesel engines, but new combustion and engine control technologies will be needed to meet the latest gasoline regulations across the globe. Particulate reduction is a critical health concern in addition to the regulatory requirements. This is a vital issue with real-world implications. Reducing Particulate Emissions in Gasoline Engines encompasses the current strategies and technologies used to reduce particulates to meet regulatory requirements and curtail health hazards - reviewing principles and applications of these techniques. Highlights and features in the book include: Gasoline particulate filter design, function and applications Coated and uncoated three way catalyst design and integration Measurement of gasoline particulate matter emission, both laboratory and PEMS The goal is to provide a comprehensive assessment of gasoline particulate emission control to meet regulatory and health requirements - appealing to calibration, development and testing engineers alike.
Author: Alumah Arad Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
"This study focuses on using biodiesel fuel as a means for decreasing diesel engine particulateemissions. Biodiesel is a general name for mixtures of long chain esters, generally methyl or ethylesters, used as alternative fuels in diesel engines. Biodiesel is produced by transesterification, usuallyof vegetable oils, with short chain aliphatic alcohols. Most researchers agree that diesel engineparticulate matter emissions decrease with the addition of biodiesel to diesel fuel.In this study, a new phenomenological model of soot formation and oxidation was developed fordiesel-biodiesel blend combustion."-- From the abstract.
Author: Mark P. Musculus Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 19
Book Description
Based on a phenomenological model of diesel combustion and pollutant-formation processes, a number of fuel additives that could potentially reduce in-cylinder soot formation by altering combustion chemistry have been identified. These fuel additives, or ''combustion modifiers'', included ethanol and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycol dinitrate (a cetane improver), succinimide (a dispersant), as well as nitromethane and another nitro-compound mixture. To better understand the chemical and physical mechanisms by which these combustion modifiers may affect soot formation in diesel engines, in-cylinder soot and diffusion flame lift-off were measured, using an optically-accessible, heavy-duty, direct-injection diesel engine. A line-of-sight laser extinction diagnostic was employed to measure the relative soot concentration within the diesel jets (''jetsoot'') as well as the rates of deposition of soot on the piston bowl-rim (''wall-soot''). An OH chemiluminescence imaging technique was utilized to measure the lift-off lengths of the diesel diffusion flames so that fresh oxygen entrainment rates could be compared among the fuels. Measurements were obtained at two operating conditions, using blends of a base commercial diesel fuel with various combinations of the fuel additives. The ethanol additive, at 10% by mass, reduced jet-soot by up to 15%, and reduced wall-soot by 30-40%. The other fuel additives also affected in-cylinder soot, but unlike the ethanol blends, changes in in-cylinder soot could be attributed solely to differences in the ignition delay. No statistically-significant differences in the diesel flame lift-off lengths were observed among any of the fuel additive formulations at the operating conditions examined in this study. Accordingly, the observed differences in in-cylinder soot among the fuel formulations cannot be attributed to differences in fresh oxygen entrainment upstream of the soot-formation zones after ignition.
Author: Ioannis Kitsopanidis Publisher: ISBN: Category : Combustion Languages : en Pages : 230
Book Description
(Cont.) Oxygenates totally suppress soot formation at or above 30% oxygen in fuel by mass. Since soot formation is kinetically limited at lower temperatures and soot precursors are not thermodynamically stable at higher temperatures, soot yield exhibits a bell-shape dependence on temperature with a maximum at approximately 1800-2000K. Thus different surface growth mechanisms prevail across the temperature range; the relative contribution of C2H2 over PAH to soot growth increases with temperature. Even though nucleation is mostly governed by PAH coalescence, it was found that the C2H2 route is not negligible under certain conditions. The kinetics of fuel-rich combustion was found to be sensitive to the fuel+HOO reaction. Suggestions are made for better correlation between model and experiments regarding ignition delay and rate of heat release. While performing this study, insight was gained into RCM operation. Assuming uniform and homogeneous environment at the end of compression, was sufficient to model ignition delays under most conditions (2-10 ms), but not rate of heat release and maximum pressure. CFD analysis predicted non-negligible temperature stratification at the end of compression ( -80% of mass within 50K). A multizone model, taking into account zones of constant mass and allowing heat transfer and flow into the crevice, was developed and improved the agreement significantly.
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Author: Markus Bertsch
Author: Justin Edward Ketterer
Author: Francesco Catapano
Author: Salih Manasra
Author: Thorsten Boger
Author: Alumah Arad
Author: Mark P. Musculus
Author: G. Lepperhoff
Author: Ioannis Kitsopanidis