Author: George P. ComerPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agriculture
Languages : en
Pages : 98
Book Description
Some Tariff Problems as Related to American Agriculture
Author: George P. ComerPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agriculture
Languages : en
Pages : 98
Book Description
Retaliatory Tariffs and U. S. Agriculture
Author: Anita RegmiPublisher:
ISBN: 9781693696367
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 52
Book Description
Certain foreign nations have targeted U.S. food and agricultural products with retaliatory tariffs since early 2018 in response to U.S. Section 232 tariffs on steel and aluminum imports and Section 301 tariffs levied on U.S. imports from China. Retaliatory tariffs have made imports of U.S. agricultural products relatively more expensive compared to similar products from competitor nations. In the short run, U.S. shipments of products to countries with retaliatory tariffs have declined, reducing overall global demand for affected U.S. agricultural products and driving down the prices of U.S. agricultural commodities. Depending on the length and depth of the tariffs and the range of products affected, some experts caution that the long-run trade impacts could inflict further harm as U.S. competitor countries have an incentive to expand their agricultural production. The total value of exports of U.S. food and agricultural products levied retaliatory tariffs in 2018 was $22 billion, down 27% from $30 billion in 2017. China accounted for about 80% of the total affected trade in both years. Despite the retaliatory tariffs, U.S. agricultural exports rose in 2018 to $140 billion from $138 billion in 2017, partly due to higher imports during the months leading up to the retaliatory tariffs and increased exports to other non-retaliating countries. With the continuation of retaliatory tariffs, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) projects U.S. agricultural exports to decline about 4% in 2019. While trade-aid packages may provide short-term financial assistance, some studies and critics of the President's actions caution that the long-term consequences of the retaliatory tariffs may present more challenges. Even as China has raised tariffs on U.S. imports, it has improved access to its markets for other exporting countries. Brazil, Russia and other countries are expanding their agricultural production to meet China's import demand. For example, Russia's investments during the past two decades have resulted in agricultural productivity growth ranging from 25% to 75%, with higher productivity growth along its southern region. Although still at relatively modest levels, China's total food and agricultural imports from Russia increased 61% between 2017 and 2018. The continuation of trade disputes and retaliatory tariffs may be of interest to Congress for the following reasons. Trade disputes have disrupted global markets and increased uncertainty in the farm input and output sectors. They may add to production costs, they have dampened exports, impacted farm income, and triggered additional federal assistance for the farm sector. In the short-run, there could be some transient benefits associated with various aspects of the agricultural sector. In the long-run, other countries may expand agricultural production, potentially displacing U.S. agricultural exports to become larger food and agricultural suppliers to China.
India
Author: Natalie A. WolchuckPublisher:
ISBN: 9781616689483
Category : Agricultural industries
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
India's high agricultural tariffs are a significant impediment to U.S. agricultural exports and certain Indian non-tariff measures (NTMs), including sanitary and phytosanitary measures, substantially limit or effectively prohibit certain U.S. agricultural products. Agriculture is vital to India's economy, accounting for a substantial share of employment (60%) and GDP (17%). Broad intervention by the Indian government in the agricultural sector, including restrictive and variable trade policies, are designed to protect domestic producers and consumers. This book provides an overview of Indian agricultural production, imports, and consumption during 2003-08, as well as Indian tariffs and NTMs, the Indian food marketing and distribution system, and Indian government regulations relating to the agricultural market, including foreign direct investment and intellectual property rights policies.
Tariff Problems of the United States
Author: American Academy of Political and Social SciencePublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agriculture
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Downsizing the Federal Government
Author: Chris EdwardsPublisher: Cato Institute
ISBN: 1933995513
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 263
Book Description
The federal government is running huge budget deficits, spending too much, and heading toward a financial crisis. Federal spending soared under President George W. Bush, and the costs of programs for the elderly are set to balloon in coming years. Hurricane Katrina has made the federal budget situation even more desperate. In Downsizing the Federal Government Cato Institute budget expert Chris Edwards provides policymakers with solutions to the growing federal budget mess. Edwards identifies more than 100 federal programs that should be terminated, transferred to the states, or privatized in order to balance the budget and save hundreds of billions of dollars. Edwards proposes a balanced reform package of cuts to entitlements, domestic programs, and excess defense spending. He argues that these cuts would not only eliminate the deficit, but also strengthen the economy, enlarge personal freedom, and leave a positive fiscal legacy for the next generation. Downsizing the Federal Government discusses the systematic causes of wasteful spending, and it overflows with examples of federal programs that are obsolete and mismanaged. The book examines the budget process and shows how policymakers act contrary to the interests of average Americans by favoring special interests.
Clashing Over Commerce
Author: Douglas A. IrwinPublisher: University of Chicago Press
ISBN: 022639901X
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 873
Book Description
A Foreign Affairs Best Book of the Year: “Tells the history of American trade policy . . . [A] grand narrative [that] also debunks trade-policy myths.” —Economist Should the United States be open to commerce with other countries, or should it protect domestic industries from foreign competition? This question has been the source of bitter political conflict throughout American history. Such conflict was inevitable, James Madison argued in the Federalist Papers, because trade policy involves clashing economic interests. The struggle between the winners and losers from trade has always been fierce because dollars and jobs are at stake: depending on what policy is chosen, some industries, farmers, and workers will prosper, while others will suffer. Douglas A. Irwin’s Clashing over Commerce is the most authoritative and comprehensive history of US trade policy to date, offering a clear picture of the various economic and political forces that have shaped it. From the start, trade policy divided the nation—first when Thomas Jefferson declared an embargo on all foreign trade and then when South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union over excessive taxes on imports. The Civil War saw a shift toward protectionism, which then came under constant political attack. Then, controversy over the Smoot-Hawley tariff during the Great Depression led to a policy shift toward freer trade, involving trade agreements that eventually produced the World Trade Organization. Irwin makes sense of this turbulent history by showing how different economic interests tend to be grouped geographically, meaning that every proposed policy change found ready champions and opponents in Congress. Deeply researched and rich with insight and detail, Clashing over Commerce provides valuable and enduring insights into US trade policy past and present. “Combines scholarly analysis with a historian’s eye for trends and colorful details . . . readable and illuminating, for the trade expert and for all Americans wanting a deeper understanding of America’s evolving role in the global economy.” —National Review “Magisterial.” —Foreign Affairs
Local Food Systems; Concepts, Impacts, and Issues
Author: Steve MartinezPublisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 1437933629
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 87
Book Description
This comprehensive overview of local food systems explores alternative definitions of local food, estimates market size and reach, describes the characteristics of local consumers and producers, and examines early indications of the economic and health impacts of local food systems. Defining ¿local¿ based on marketing arrangements, such as farmers selling directly to consumers at regional farmers¿ markets or to schools, is well recognized. Statistics suggest that local food markets account for a small, but growing, share of U.S. agricultural production. For smaller farms, direct marketing to consumers accounts for a higher percentage of their sales than for larger farms. Charts and tables.
International Agricultural Trade Disputes
Author: Andrew SchmitzPublisher: University of Calgary Press
ISBN: 1552381528
Category : Dispute resolution (Law)
Languages : en
Pages : 304
Book Description
Trade disputes between the United States, Canada, and Mexico surrounding agricultural products are widespread and show no signs of abating. A recent conference held in Florida in 2003 that included lawyers, economists, and private sector representatives examined the issues surrounding trade disputes in industries such as lumber, live cattle, and wheat and dairy products. International Agricultural Trade Disputes: Case Studies in North America presents the findings of this conference and analyzes trade disputes and relevant trade issues from 1995 to 2003.
Importing Into the United States
Author: U. S. Customs and Border ProtectionPublisher:
ISBN: 9781304100061
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Explains process of importing goods into the U.S., including informed compliance, invoices, duty assessments, classification and value, marking requirements, etc.
Author: