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Author: S. Rozhdestvenskyy Publisher: ISBN: Category : Neutron counters Languages : en Pages : 11
Book Description
This work iterates on the first demonstration of a solid-state neutron multiplicity counting system developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory by using commercial off-the-shelf detectors. The system was demonstrated to determine the mass of a californium-252 neutron source within 20% error requiring only one-hour measurement time with 20 cm2 of active detector area.
Author: S. Rozhdestvenskyy Publisher: ISBN: Category : Neutron counters Languages : en Pages : 11
Book Description
This work iterates on the first demonstration of a solid-state neutron multiplicity counting system developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory by using commercial off-the-shelf detectors. The system was demonstrated to determine the mass of a californium-252 neutron source within 20% error requiring only one-hour measurement time with 20 cm2 of active detector area.
Author: Lawrence M. Epstein Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 88
Book Description
Recommendations have been made for a solid state neutron monitor of maximum radiation endurance based on the use of low resistivity silicon counting diodes. Shallow diffused diodes of 10-20 ohm-cm p base silicon were used to obtain fission fragment spectra in-core after exposure to 4.6 x 10 to the 15th power nvt (greater than power 10 kev). Bias levels were 25 v maximum initially and 45 v maximum finally. Features of the radiation degradation were (a) a large increase in leakage current to greater than 100 microamperes, (b) a large decrease in a charge collection efficiency (about a factor of ten), (c) an improvement in ability to sustain bias without breakdown noise, and (d) a decrease in capacity. A voltage sensitive preamplifier based on an integrated circuit amplifier was used. It was designed also for radiation endurance and was virtually unaffected by exposure to 3 x 10 to the 13 power nvt. A number of preliminary measurements are reported using electron-irradiated low resistivity silicon solar cells as counters and californium 252 as a source of fission fragments. These experiments served to confirm the expected nature of the damage, and showed the lack of sensitivity to gamma background and to temperature changes. One diode each of GaAs and SiC were included in the first reactor tests but the good silicon results preempted any further work with other diodes.
Author: Walter J. McNeil Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
A novel design of neutron sensor was investigated and developed. The perforated, or micro-structured, diode neutron sensor is a concept that has the potential to enhance neutron sensitivity of a common solid-state sensor configuration. The common thin-film coated diode neutron sensor is the only semiconductor-based neutron sensor that has proven feasible for commercial use. However, the thin-film coating restricts neutron counting efficiency and severely limits the usefulness of the sensor. This research has shown that the perforated design, when properly implemented, can increase the neutron counting efficiency by greater than a factor of 4. Methods developed in this work enable detectors to be fabricated to meet needs such as miniaturization, portability, ruggedness, and adaptability. The new detectors may be used for unique applications such as neutron imaging or the search for special nuclear materials. The research and developments described in the work include the successful fabrication of variant perforated diode neutron detector designs, general explanations of fundamental radiation detector design (with added focus on neutron detection and compactness), as well as descriptive theory and sensor design modeling useful in predicting performance of these unique solid-state radiation sensors. Several aspects in design, fabrication, and operational performance have been considered and tested including neutron counting efficiency, gamma-ray response, perforation shapes and depths, and silicon processing variations. Finally, the successfully proven technology was applied to a 1-dimensional neutron sensor array system.
Author: International Atomic Energy Agency Publisher: ISBN: 9789201189103 Category : Environmental sampling Languages : en Pages : 146
Book Description
The 1990s saw significant developments in the global non-proliferation landscape, resulting in a new period of safeguards development. The current publication, which is the second revision and update of IAEA/NVS/1, is intended to give a full and balanced description of the safeguards techniques and equipment used for nuclear material accountancy, containment and surveillance measures, environmental sampling, and data security. New features include a section on new and novel technologies. As new verification measures continue to be developed, the material in this book will be reviewed periodically and updated versions issued.
Author: Mohammad Reza Ganjali Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0124200958 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 450
Book Description
Lanthanides Series Determination by Various Analytical Methods describes the different spectroscopic and electrochemical methods used for the determination and measurement of lanthanides. Numerous examples of determination methods used in real sample analysis are gathered and explained, and the importance of lanthanides as applied in chemical industry, agriculture, clinical and pharmaceutical industry, and biology is discussed, with many applications and recent advantages given. - Written by world-leading experts in research on lanthanide determination - Discusses determination methods that range from very advanced and expensive techniques to simple and inexpensive methods - A single source of information for a broad collection of lanthanide detection techniques and applications - Includes a complete list of reports and patents on lanthanide determination - Discusses both advantages and disadvantages of each determination method, giving a well-balanced overview
Author: Clyde Edward Wiegand Publisher: ISBN: Category : Neutron counters Languages : en Pages : 8
Book Description
It is the purpose of this paper to describe a neutron detector suitable for monitoring a flux of neutrons whose energy is greater than about 50 Mev. Detection of the neutrons is accomplished by their ability to induce fission in heavy elements. Kelly and Wiegand studied the neutron fission of Bi, Pb, Ti, Hg, Au, and Pt at various neutron energies and the presently described counter is an application of this work.
Author: Dieter K. Schroder Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 0471739065 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 800
Book Description
This Third Edition updates a landmark text with the latest findings The Third Edition of the internationally lauded Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization brings the text fully up-to-date with the latest developments in the field and includes new pedagogical tools to assist readers. Not only does the Third Edition set forth all the latest measurement techniques, but it also examines new interpretations and new applications of existing techniques. Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization remains the sole text dedicated to characterization techniques for measuring semiconductor materials and devices. Coverage includes the full range of electrical and optical characterization methods, including the more specialized chemical and physical techniques. Readers familiar with the previous two editions will discover a thoroughly revised and updated Third Edition, including: Updated and revised figures and examples reflecting the most current data and information 260 new references offering access to the latest research and discussions in specialized topics New problems and review questions at the end of each chapter to test readers' understanding of the material In addition, readers will find fully updated and revised sections in each chapter. Plus, two new chapters have been added: Charge-Based and Probe Characterization introduces charge-based measurement and Kelvin probes. This chapter also examines probe-based measurements, including scanning capacitance, scanning Kelvin force, scanning spreading resistance, and ballistic electron emission microscopy. Reliability and Failure Analysis examines failure times and distribution functions, and discusses electromigration, hot carriers, gate oxide integrity, negative bias temperature instability, stress-induced leakage current, and electrostatic discharge. Written by an internationally recognized authority in the field, Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization remains essential reading for graduate students as well as for professionals working in the field of semiconductor devices and materials. An Instructor's Manual presenting detailed solutions to all the problems in the book is available from the Wiley editorial department.
Author: Eystein S. Husebye Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9401104190 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 843
Book Description
An international treaty banning the testing of any nuclear device in any environment - a comprehensive test ban treaty (CTBT) - has been on the political agenda for nearly 40 years. Objections to a CTBT have been political, technical, or a combination of both. However, the possibilities seem better after the end of the Cold War. In the prevailing, cooperative disarmament climate a CTBT appears likely to be approved by most countries in 1996. Hence the great current interest in monitoring technologies and capabilities. Such issues are comprehensively addressed here, a preamble being devoted to the political developments and setbacks over the past 40 years. Since seismic means are considered the dominant monitoring element, they are explored in detail. Contributions cover network deployments, advanced signal processing, wave propagation in heterogeneous media, and seismic source representations, and a variety of techniques for source classification (including neural networks). Complementary monitoring techniques, such as hydroacoustics, radionuclides and infrasound, are also summarised. The IAEA operation for monitoring compliance with the Non-Proliferation Treaty is also presented. The book also includes eyewitness accounts of the Soviet 50 Mt megabomb development and test, as well as the efforts made by the state to monitor the nuclear test programmes of the western powers. Includes some 33 articles written by distinguished scientists active in CTBT monitoring research for decades.
Author: S. Rozhdestvenskyy
Author: S. Rozhdestvenskyy
Author: Lawrence M. Epstein
Author: Walter J. McNeil
Author: International Atomic Energy Agency
Author: Doug Reilly
Author: Mohammad Reza Ganjali
Author: Clyde Edward Wiegand
Author: Dieter K. Schroder
Author: James R. DeVoe
Author: Eystein S. Husebye