Author: Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : RDX (Cyclonite)
Languages : en
Pages : 25
Book Description
Solid-phase Considerations for the Environmental Fate of TNT and RDX in Soil
An Evaluation of the Environmental Fate and Behavior of Munitions Material (TNT, RDX) in Soil and Plant Systems. Environmental Fate and Behavior of RDX.
Author: Dominic A. CataldoPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 84
Book Description
The object of the present investigation was to elucidate the environmental behavior and fate of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), particularly as related to its transport and chemical form in the food chain. To meet This goal, we needed to adapt and develop suitable analytical methodology to fractionate and characterize both RDX and RDX-derived residues in soil and plant matrices. Using the methodology that we developed, we assessed the chemical and physical fate of RDX in soils and plants. In general, the plant ability and plant mobility of RDX is substantially greater than that previously reported for TNT. The extent of soil sorption of RDX after 60 days of incubation was less than 2%. Mass-balance deficits were only partially attributed to mineralization of RDX to CO2, and no volatile organic residues were detected. Chemical analysis of solvent extracts of soils incubated over a 60 day period showed only the parent compound to be present.
Evaluation of the environmental fate and behavior of munitions material (TNT, RDX) in soil and plant systems. Environmental fate and behavior of TNT (Final rept).
Author: Dominic A. CataldoAn Evaluation of the Environmental Fate and Behavior of Munitions Materiel (TNT, RDX) in Soil and Plant Systems. Environmental Fate and Behavior of TNT.
Author: Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 99
Book Description
The objective of these investigations was to elucidate the environmental behavior and fate of trinitrotoluene (TNT). Emphasis was placed on those chemical transformations occurring in soils and in plant tissues following uptake and on the probable impact of these chemical transformations on the food chain. Analytical methodology was developed to fractionate and characterize both TNT and TNT-derived residues in soil and plant matrices. The procedures developed in this program extend prior art, through the use of matrix-specific extraction and fractionation schemes followed by classical HPLC separations. Methods showed good recovery and reproducibility. Soil-sorbed TNT, or that fraction not readily removed by exhaustive extraction, increases from less than 6% at 0 time, to 50% after 60 days of incubation. Experiments with sterile soil systems indicate that the sorption process is nonbiotic in origin. Keywords: Munitions, Bioavailability, Plant uptake, Environmental fate, RA 3, TNT, RDX, Soil, Plant systems, Toxicology, AMDNT, Aminodinitrotoluene.
The Environmental Behavior and Chemical Fate of Energetic Compounds (TNT, RDX, Tetryl) in Soil and Plant Systems
Author: Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 10
Book Description
Munitions materials can accumulate or cycle in terrestrial environs at production and manufacturing facilities and thus pose potential heath and environmental concerns. To address questions related to food chain accumulation, the environmental behavior of energetic compounds (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, TNT; hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine, RDX; 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine, tetryl) was evaluated. Emphasis was placed on determining the potential for soil/plant transfer of munitions residues, translocation and distribution within the plant, the extent to which compounds were metabolized following accumulation, and the chemical nature and form of accumulated residues. Both TNT and tetryl undergo extensive chemical transformation in soil, forming aminodinitrotoluene isomers and N-methyl-2,4,6-trinitroaniline residues, respectively, along with a series of unknowns. After 60 days, only 30% of the amended TNT and 8% of the amended tetryl remained unchanged in the soil. In contrast, 78% of the soil-amended RDX remained unchanged after 60 days. After 60 days, plants grown in soils containing 10 ppm residues contained from 5 [mu]g TNT/g to 600 [mu]g RDX/G fresh wt. tissue. TNT and tetryl residues were primarily accumulated in roots (75%), while RDX was concentrated in leaves and seed. The principal transport form for TNT (root to shoot) was an acid labile conjugate of aminodinitrotoluene; RDX was transported unchanged. On accumulation in roots and leaves, highly polar and non-extractable TNT metabolites dominated, with the aminodinitrotoluene isomers accounting for less than 20% of the residues present. Only a few percent were present as the parent TNT. RDX was partitioned similarly to TNT, with 8 to 30% of the RDX appearing as polar metabolites, 20--50% as parent RDX, and the balance as non-extractable residues. Tetryl was metabolized to N-methyl-2,4,6-trinitroaniline and a variety of polar metabolites.
An Evaluation of the Environmental Fate and Behavior of Munitions Materiel (TNT, RDX) in Soil and Plant Systems
Author: Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
The objective of these investigations was to elucidate the environmental behavior and fate of trinitrotoluene (TNT). Emphasis was placed on those chemical transformations occurring in soils and in plant tissues following uptake and on the probable impact of these chemical transformations on the food chain. Analytical methodology was developed to fractionate and characterize both TNT and TNT-derived residues in soil and plant matrices. The procedures developed in this program extend prior art, through the use of matrix-specific extraction and fractionation schemes followed by classical HPLC separations. Methods showed good recovery and reproducibility. 30 refs., 35 figs., 27 tabs.
Environmental Fate of RDX and TNT
Author: Harish C. SikkaPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Environmental impact analysis
Languages : en
Pages : 272
Book Description
Contaminants in the Subsurface
Author: National Research CouncilPublisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030909447X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 371
Book Description
At hundreds of thousands of commercial, industrial, and military sites across the country, subsurface materials including groundwater are contaminated with chemical waste. The last decade has seen growing interest in using aggressive source remediation technologies to remove contaminants from the subsurface, but there is limited understanding of (1) the effectiveness of these technologies and (2) the overall effect of mass removal on groundwater quality. This report reviews the suite of technologies available for source remediation and their ability to reach a variety of cleanup goals, from meeting regulatory standards for groundwater to reducing costs. The report proposes elements of a protocol for accomplishing source remediation that should enable project managers to decide whether and how to pursue source remediation at their sites.
Evaluation of the environmental fate and behavior of munitions material (TNT, TDX) in soil and plant systems. Environmental fate and behavior of TNT: final report (progress rept), Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Author: D. A. CataldoEnergetic Materials
Author: Manoj K. ShuklaPublisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319592084
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 484
Book Description
This book offers a comprehensive account of energetic materials, including their synthesis, computational modeling, applications, associated degradation mechanisms, environmental consequences and fate and transport. This multi-author contributed volume describes how armed forces around the world are moving their attention from legacy explosive compounds, which are heat and shock sensitive (thus posing greater challenges in terms of handling and storage), to the insensitive munitions compounds/formulations such as insensitive munitions explosive (IMX) and the Picatinny Arsenal Explosive (PAX) series of compounds. The description of energetic materials focuses on explosives, pyrotechnic compositions, and propellants. The contributors go on to explain how modern generation energetic compounds must be insensitive to shock and heat but at the same time yield more energy upon explosion. Nanoinspired and/or co-crystallized energetic materials offer another route to generate next-generation energetic materials, and this authoritative book bridges a large gap in the literature by providing a comprehensive analysis of these compounds. Additionally, it includes a valuable overview of energetic materials, a detailed discussion of recent advances on future energetic compounds, nanotechnology in energetic materials, environmental contamination and toxicity, assessment of munitions lethality, the application quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) in design of energetics and the fate and transport of munition compounds in the environment.