Socio-economic Progress of Black Americans Since the Civil Rights Act of 1964 PDF Download

Author: Jack Jackson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : African Americans
Languages : en
Pages : 292

View

Book Description

Author: James W. Button
Publisher: Penn State Press
ISBN: 0271046236
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 226

View

Book Description
The civil rights movement of the 1960s improved the political and legal status of African Americans, but the quest for equality in employment and economic well-being has lagged behind. Blacks are more than twice as likely as whites to be employed in lower-paying service jobs or to be unemployed, are three times as likely to live in poverty, and have a median household income barely half of that for white households. What accounts for these disparities, and what possibilities are there for overcoming obstacles to black economic progress? This book seeks answers to these questions through a combined quantitative and qualitative study of six municipalities in Florida. Factors impeding the quest for equality include employer discrimination, inadequate education, increasing competition for jobs from white females and Latinos, and a lack of transportation, job training, affordable childcare, and other sources of support, which makes it difficult for blacks to compete effectively. Among factors aiding in the quest is the impact of black political power in enhancing opportunities for African Americans in municipal employment. The authors conclude by proposing a variety of ameliorative measures: strict enforcement of antidiscrimination laws; public policies to provide disadvantaged people with a good education, adequate shelter and food, and decent jobs; and self-help efforts by blacks to counter self-destructive attitudes and activities.

Author: Oliver Lee E. Mbatia
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : African Americans
Languages : en
Pages : 470

View

Book Description
The economic status of the Black Americans has lagged far behind that of non-Black Americans in the last four centuries. The major reasons are manifested in (1) discrimination in employment practices by: employers, public and private employment agencies, labor organizations, and apprenticeship agencies; and (2) discrimination in distribution of factor inputs. To bring about economic equality the Presidents of the United States have issued various Executive Orders. Eight years ago the United States Congress enacted the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII of this Act is known as the Equal Employment Opportunity Title) and made it unlawful to discriminate in employment because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and other Presidential Executive Orders on the related economic status of Black Americans. To examine this question, an economic model was developed. In this model, employers are assumed to have a "taste for discrimination," which causes them to have two different market demand curves for Blacks and non-Blacks. In hiring Black workers, employers feel that they incur a cost in addition to the market wage. Therefore Black workers are paid lower wages than non-Black workers in order for employers to compensate their "psychic cost." In this imperfect market Black workers are not perfect substitutes for non-Black workers. The enactment of the Fair Employment Practices laws (FEP) was, presumably, designed to encourage employers to regard Black workers as perfect substitutes for non-Black workers. Through causing employers "taste for discrimination" to disappear, it is expected that the demand curve for Black workers will shift to the right. The increase in demand would effect an increase in employment and wages for the Black Americans. On the other hand, negative effects could cause an increase in the wage rate and an increase in the unemployment rate. It is argued that the non-Black wage would remain the same, but, in the absence of eliminating the "taste for discrimination" the laws could result in an increase in the unemployment rate of the non-Blacks. The quantitative analysis was made by use of the census data in examining variables selected to measure economic status: viz., income, unemployment rates, and occupation distribution. In order to isolate the effects of the FEP laws on these variables, other variables were included, such as growth rate of Gross National Product and a dummy variable to test the impact of the war. Three statistical techniques were employed to evaluate the general overall economic progress of Blacks and the impact of the FEP laws. The statistical techniques are: least square regression analysis, analysis of variance, and information theory analysis technique. The regression results of many coefficients were not statistically significant at the five percent level of significance. In one instance the FEP laws effect variable was significant at the ten percent level of significance, suggesting that there may exist a relationship between that variable and unemployment rates. The statistical tests do not persuade one to conclude that the FEP laws have had significant impacts on the improvement of the economic status of the Black Americans. However, finding an expected sign on the estimated coefficients the FEP law effect variable suggests that the FEP laws, if more fully implemented, might lead to a reduction in unemployment and an increase in wage rate for Black Americans as a result of a shift in the demand curve for Black labor. The analysis of variance, revealed race itself to be dominantly significant as the cause of economic inequality of the two races. The racial entropy index distribution shows that the Blacks have made some progress in some occupations and have moved to better paying jobs. The descriptive analysis of the charges filed over the four year fiscal period, indicate that over 50 percent of the charges were directed to employers; and that the factor of race was very frequently given as the basis of the discrimination.

Author: Alphonso Pinkney
Publisher: CUP Archive
ISBN: 9780521310475
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 212

View

Book Description
This book analyses the status of black Americans since the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Author: Cecilia A. Conrad
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
ISBN: 0742568598
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 416

View

Book Description
Over the last several decades, academic discourse on racial inequality has focused primarily on political and social issues with significantly less attention on the complex interplay between race and economics. African Americans in the U.S. Economy represents a contribution to recent scholarship that seeks to lessen this imbalance. This book builds upon, and significantly extends, the principles, terminology, and methods of standard economics and black political economy. Influenced by path-breaking studies presented in several scholarly economic journals, this volume is designed to provide a political-economic analysis of the past and present economic status of African Americans. The chapters in this volume represent the work of some of the nation's most distinguished scholars on the various topics presented. The individual chapters cover several well-defined areas, including black employment and unemployment, labor market discrimination, black entrepreneurship, racial economic inequality, urban revitalization, and black economic development. The book is written in a style free of the technical jargon that characterizes most economics textbooks. While the book is methodologically sophisticated, it is accessible to a wide range of students and the general public and will appeal to academicians and practitioners alike.

Author: Antonios Valamontes
Publisher: Independently Published
ISBN:
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0

View

Book Description
The essay explores the economic empowerment of Black America and the potential impact of various socioeconomic and political factors. Key points include: Economic Status Post-Civil Rights Era: It discusses changes in the economic landscape for Black Americans post-1965, highlighting both improvements and ongoing challenges. The debate over systemic barriers versus individual achievements forms a core part of this analysis. Diverse Economic Status: The essay compares the economic progress of Black Americans with other demographic groups, considering factors like median household income and educational attainment. Role of Education and Policies: It examines the importance of education and skill development in economic status, along with the impact of broader economic policies and community structures on Black Americans Community and Cultural Factors: The essay highlights the role of community and cultural factors in economic outcomes, focusing on entrepreneurship within the Black community and community-driven economic initiatives. Success Stories and Entrepreneurship: Success stories within the Black community are showcased, emphasizing the impact and growth of Black-owned businesses. Family Dynamics and Historical Acts: The essay delves into the effects of family dynamics, particularly the absence of a father figure, and the impact of historical acts like the 1965 Rights Act on Black families. EOE Initiatives and Corporate Practices: The essay critically examines Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion initiatives in the corporate world, discussing their impact on Black Americans and potential issues like corporate Jim Crow. Political Advocacy: It stresses the need for Black America to reevaluate its lobbying strategies, moving away from traditional party lines to focus on community-specific needs and personal economic empowerment. Local Economic Models: The BerkShares Dollar is explored as a model of community currency that could be adapted for Black communities to foster local economic growth. Cultural Affinity and Employment: The essay warns about the potential risks of cultural affinity in employment, drawing parallels with historical patterns of discrimination against Black Americans. The essay concludes by emphasizing the need for strategic, community-focused approaches to address the economic challenges and disparities faced by Black Americans, advocating for policies and initiatives that foster economic equality and empowe

Author: Antoine L. Joseph
Publisher: Sharpe Reference
ISBN:
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 256

View

Book Description
Draws on evidence from history, sociology, economics, and political science to argue that the key factor determining race relations in the United States is economic, demonstrating that when economic equality spreads, it leads to the spread of social and political equality.

Author: Gunnar Myrdal
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : African Americans
Languages : en
Pages : 800

View

Book Description

Author: Richard B. Freeman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : African Americans
Languages : en
Pages : 48

View

Book Description
This study used three types of evidence to analyze the nature and cause of black economic progress in post-World War II years: aggregate evidence on the timing and incidence among skill groups of changes in the relative earnings or occupational position of blacks; cross-sectional evidence on the family background determinants of the socioeconomic achievement of blacks; and information from company personnel offices regarding personnel policies toward black (and other) workers affected by civil rights legislation.

Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309452961
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 583

View

Book Description
In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.