Melt Water Retention Processes in Snow and Firn on Ice Sheets and Glaciers: Observations and Modeling PDF Download
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Author: W. Tad Pfeffer Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2889456196 Category : Languages : en Pages : 160
Book Description
Melt takes place where the surface of glaciers or ice sheets interacts with the atmosphere. While the processes governing surface melt are fairly well understood, the pathways of the meltwater, from its origin to the moment it leaves a glacier system, remain enigmatic. It is not even guaranteed that meltwater leaves a glacier or ice sheet. On Greenland, for example, only slightly more than 50% of the meltwater runs off. The remainder mostly refreezes within the so-called firn cover of the ice sheet. This eBook contains 11 studies which tackle the challenge of understanding meltwater retention in snow and firn from various angles. The studies focus both on mountain glaciers and on the Greenland ice sheet and address challenges such as measuring firn properties, quantifying their influence on meltwater retention, modelling firn processes and meltwater refreezing as well as unravelling the mechanisms within the recently discovered Greenland firn aquifers.
Author: W. Tad Pfeffer Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2889456196 Category : Languages : en Pages : 160
Book Description
Melt takes place where the surface of glaciers or ice sheets interacts with the atmosphere. While the processes governing surface melt are fairly well understood, the pathways of the meltwater, from its origin to the moment it leaves a glacier system, remain enigmatic. It is not even guaranteed that meltwater leaves a glacier or ice sheet. On Greenland, for example, only slightly more than 50% of the meltwater runs off. The remainder mostly refreezes within the so-called firn cover of the ice sheet. This eBook contains 11 studies which tackle the challenge of understanding meltwater retention in snow and firn from various angles. The studies focus both on mountain glaciers and on the Greenland ice sheet and address challenges such as measuring firn properties, quantifying their influence on meltwater retention, modelling firn processes and meltwater refreezing as well as unravelling the mechanisms within the recently discovered Greenland firn aquifers.
Author: Steven Earle Publisher: ISBN: 9781537068824 Category : Languages : en Pages : 628
Book Description
This is a discount Black and white version. Some images may be unclear, please see BCCampus website for the digital version.This book was born out of a 2014 meeting of earth science educators representing most of the universities and colleges in British Columbia, and nurtured by a widely shared frustration that many students are not thriving in courses because textbooks have become too expensive for them to buy. But the real inspiration comes from a fascination for the spectacular geology of western Canada and the many decades that the author spent exploring this region along with colleagues, students, family, and friends. My goal has been to provide an accessible and comprehensive guide to the important topics of geology, richly illustrated with examples from western Canada. Although this text is intended to complement a typical first-year course in physical geology, its contents could be applied to numerous other related courses.
Author: W. S. B. Paterson Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 1483287254 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 491
Book Description
This updated and expanded version of the second edition explains the physical principles underlying the behaviour of glaciers and ice sheets. The text has been revised in order to keep pace with the extensive developments which have occurred since 1981. A new chapter, of major interest, concentrates on the deformation of subglacial till. The book concludes with a chapter on information regarding past climate and atmospheric composition obtainable from ice cores.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309261015 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 218
Book Description
Scientific evidence shows that most glaciers in South Asia's Hindu Kush Himalayan region are retreating, but the consequences for the region's water supply are unclear, this report finds. The Hindu Kush Himalayan region is the location of several of Asia's great river systems, which provide water for drinking, irrigation, and other uses for about 1.5 billion people. Recent studies show that at lower elevations, glacial retreat is unlikely to cause significant changes in water availability over the next several decades, but other factors, including groundwater depletion and increasing human water use, could have a greater impact. Higher elevation areas could experience altered water flow in some river basins if current rates of glacial retreat continue, but shifts in the location, intensity, and variability of rain and snow due to climate change will likely have a greater impact on regional water supplies. Himalayan Glaciers: Climate Change, Water Resources, and Water Security makes recommendations and sets guidelines for the future of climate change and water security in the Himalayan Region. This report emphasizes that social changes, such as changing patterns of water use and water management decisions, are likely to have at least as much of an impact on water demand as environmental factors do on water supply. Water scarcity will likely affect the rural and urban poor most severely, as these groups have the least capacity to move to new locations as needed. It is predicted that the region will become increasingly urbanized as cities expand to absorb migrants in search of economic opportunities. As living standards and populations rise, water use will likely increase-for example, as more people have diets rich in meat, more water will be needed for agricultural use. The effects of future climate change could further exacerbate water stress. Himalayan Glaciers: Climate Change, Water Resources, and Water Security explains that changes in the availability of water resources could play an increasing role in political tensions, especially if existing water management institutions do not better account for the social, economic, and ecological complexities of the region. To effectively respond to the effects of climate change, water management systems will need to take into account the social, economic, and ecological complexities of the region. This means it will be important to expand research and monitoring programs to gather more detailed, consistent, and accurate data on demographics, water supply, demand, and scarcity.
Author: Vijay P. Singh Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9048126428 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 1301
Book Description
The earth’s cryosphere, which includes snow, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, ice shelves, sea ice, river and lake ice, and permafrost, contains about 75% of the earth’s fresh water. It exists at almost all latitudes, from the tropics to the poles, and plays a vital role in controlling the global climate system. It also provides direct visible evidence of the effect of climate change, and, therefore, requires proper understanding of its complex dynamics. This encyclopedia mainly focuses on the various aspects of snow, ice and glaciers, but also covers other cryospheric branches, and provides up-to-date information and basic concepts on relevant topics. It includes alphabetically arranged and professionally written, comprehensive and authoritative academic articles by well-known international experts in individual fields. The encyclopedia contains a broad spectrum of topics, ranging from the atmospheric processes responsible for snow formation; transformation of snow to ice and changes in their properties; classification of ice and glaciers and their worldwide distribution; glaciation and ice ages; glacier dynamics; glacier surface and subsurface characteristics; geomorphic processes and landscape formation; hydrology and sedimentary systems; permafrost degradation; hazards caused by cryospheric changes; and trends of glacier retreat on the global scale along with the impact of climate change. This book can serve as a source of reference at the undergraduate and graduate level and help to better understand snow, ice and glaciers. It will also be an indispensable tool containing specialized literature for geologists, geographers, climatologists, hydrologists, and water resources engineers; as well as for those who are engaged in the practice of agricultural and civil engineering, earth sciences, environmental sciences and engineering, ecosystem management, and other relevant subjects.
Author: Alden Claire Adolph Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 266
Book Description
Snow, ice, and firn (snow more than one year old) have many roles within the environmental system, and our understanding of their physical structures can help to answer a myriad of important open questions in cryospheric sciences. To investigate past climate, scientists study natural archives of atmospheric composition and temperature found in the polar ice sheets. Firn is the porous material on the top 50-120 meters of these ice sheets, and movement of atmospheric gases in firn plays an important role the formation of ice core climate records. In this work, we develop and implement an improved technique to measure firn gas diffusivity. Through laboratory measurements, we determine that gas transport parameters of diffusivity and permeability are sensitive to variability in firn microstructure that density alone cannot describe. As a highly reflective material, snow serves as an important control on global surface energy balance and plays a critical role in the dynamic climate system due to the snow albedo temperature feedback. Increased monitoring and understanding of snow albedo (or reflectivity) and snow temperature is imperative for improved future climate modeling. Through field-based observations in New Hampshire, we determine that snow grain size, and not impurity content, is the main driver of changes in snow albedo in this region. We use these extensive field observations to evaluate a physically-based snow albedo model that is embedded in major climate models, and we show that the model largely overestimates albedo throughout the winter season. In a ground validation experiment of satellite remote sensing snow temperatures in Greenland, we show that agreement between ground-based and satellite-based infrared temperatures is better than previous literature indicates. Throughout this thesis, we use direct measurements of physical properties of snow and firn to generate greater understanding of past, present, and future climate.
Author: W. Tad Pfeffer
Author: W. Tad Pfeffer
Author: Carl S. Benson
Author: Steven Earle
Author: W. S. B. Paterson
Author: Carl S. Benson
Author: National Research Council
Author: Roger G. Barry
Author: Vijay P. Singh![Stratigraphic Studies in the Snow and Firn of the Greenland Ice Sheet. [Hanover, N.H.] U.S. Army Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, 1962 PDF](https://books.google.com/books/content/images/frontcover/ttyyZ1rAmm8C?fife=w80-h100)
Author: Carl S. Benson
Author: Alden Claire Adolph