Author: Alex S. Evers
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139497022
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 2902
Book Description
In recent years our understanding of molecular mechanisms of drug action and interindividual variability in drug response has grown enormously. Meanwhile, the practice of anesthesiology has expanded to the preoperative environment and numerous locations outside the OR. Anesthetic Pharmacology: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice, 2nd edition, is an outstanding therapeutic resource in anesthesia and critical care: Section 1 introduces the principles of drug action, Section 2 presents the molecular, cellular and integrated physiology of the target organ/functional system and Section 3 reviews the pharmacology and toxicology of anesthetic drugs. The new Section 4, Therapeutics of Clinical Practice, provides integrated and comparative pharmacology and the practical application of drugs in daily clinical practice. Edited by three highly acclaimed academic anesthetic pharmacologists, with contributions from an international team of experts, and illustrated in full colour, this is a sophisticated, user-friendly resource for all practitioners providing care in the perioperative period.
Anesthetic Pharmacology
Author: Alex S. Evers
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139497022
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 2902
Book Description
In recent years our understanding of molecular mechanisms of drug action and interindividual variability in drug response has grown enormously. Meanwhile, the practice of anesthesiology has expanded to the preoperative environment and numerous locations outside the OR. Anesthetic Pharmacology: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice, 2nd edition, is an outstanding therapeutic resource in anesthesia and critical care: Section 1 introduces the principles of drug action, Section 2 presents the molecular, cellular and integrated physiology of the target organ/functional system and Section 3 reviews the pharmacology and toxicology of anesthetic drugs. The new Section 4, Therapeutics of Clinical Practice, provides integrated and comparative pharmacology and the practical application of drugs in daily clinical practice. Edited by three highly acclaimed academic anesthetic pharmacologists, with contributions from an international team of experts, and illustrated in full colour, this is a sophisticated, user-friendly resource for all practitioners providing care in the perioperative period.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139497022
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 2902
Book Description
In recent years our understanding of molecular mechanisms of drug action and interindividual variability in drug response has grown enormously. Meanwhile, the practice of anesthesiology has expanded to the preoperative environment and numerous locations outside the OR. Anesthetic Pharmacology: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice, 2nd edition, is an outstanding therapeutic resource in anesthesia and critical care: Section 1 introduces the principles of drug action, Section 2 presents the molecular, cellular and integrated physiology of the target organ/functional system and Section 3 reviews the pharmacology and toxicology of anesthetic drugs. The new Section 4, Therapeutics of Clinical Practice, provides integrated and comparative pharmacology and the practical application of drugs in daily clinical practice. Edited by three highly acclaimed academic anesthetic pharmacologists, with contributions from an international team of experts, and illustrated in full colour, this is a sophisticated, user-friendly resource for all practitioners providing care in the perioperative period.
Clinical Neuroengineering
Author: Evelyn Page
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781632429414
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 233
Book Description
Neuroengineering or neural engineering is a field within biomedical engineering. It uses engineering techniques to repair, enhance, replace, understand or exploit the properties of neural systems. An important objective of this field is the augmentation and restoration of human function through direct interactions between artificial devices and the nervous system. Research is being conducted to develop an understanding of the coding and processing of information in the motor and sensory systems, how such processing is altered in the pathological state and how this can be manipulated using interactions with neuroprosthetics and brain-computer interfaces. The scope of neuroengineering is wide with applications in repair and rehabilitation, and neuromodulation. Neuroengineering and rehabilitation applies the principles of engineering and neuroscience for investigating the peripheral and central nervous system function. This can help in developing solutions for problems related to brain damage and brain malfunction. This book contains some path-breaking studies in neuroengineering and rehabilitation. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781632429414
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 233
Book Description
Neuroengineering or neural engineering is a field within biomedical engineering. It uses engineering techniques to repair, enhance, replace, understand or exploit the properties of neural systems. An important objective of this field is the augmentation and restoration of human function through direct interactions between artificial devices and the nervous system. Research is being conducted to develop an understanding of the coding and processing of information in the motor and sensory systems, how such processing is altered in the pathological state and how this can be manipulated using interactions with neuroprosthetics and brain-computer interfaces. The scope of neuroengineering is wide with applications in repair and rehabilitation, and neuromodulation. Neuroengineering and rehabilitation applies the principles of engineering and neuroscience for investigating the peripheral and central nervous system function. This can help in developing solutions for problems related to brain damage and brain malfunction. This book contains some path-breaking studies in neuroengineering and rehabilitation. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.
Essential Clinical Anesthesia
Author: Charles Vacanti
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139498401
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1191
Book Description
The clinical practice of anesthesia has undergone many advances in the past few years, making this the perfect time for a new state-of-the-art anesthesia textbook for practitioners and trainees. The goal of this book is to provide a modern, clinically focused textbook giving rapid access to comprehensive, succinct knowledge from experts in the field. All clinical topics of relevance to anesthesiology are organized into 29 sections consisting of more than 180 chapters. The print version contains 166 chapters that cover all of the essential clinical topics, while an additional 17 chapters on subjects of interest to the more advanced practitioner can be freely accessed at www.cambridge.org/vacanti. Newer techniques such as ultrasound nerve blocks, robotic surgery and transesophageal echocardiography are included, and numerous illustrations and tables assist the reader in rapidly assimilating key information. This authoritative text is edited by distinguished Harvard Medical School faculty, with contributors from many of the leading academic anesthesiology departments in the United States and an introduction from Dr S. R. Mallampati. This book is your essential companion when preparing for board review and recertification exams and in your daily clinical practice.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139498401
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1191
Book Description
The clinical practice of anesthesia has undergone many advances in the past few years, making this the perfect time for a new state-of-the-art anesthesia textbook for practitioners and trainees. The goal of this book is to provide a modern, clinically focused textbook giving rapid access to comprehensive, succinct knowledge from experts in the field. All clinical topics of relevance to anesthesiology are organized into 29 sections consisting of more than 180 chapters. The print version contains 166 chapters that cover all of the essential clinical topics, while an additional 17 chapters on subjects of interest to the more advanced practitioner can be freely accessed at www.cambridge.org/vacanti. Newer techniques such as ultrasound nerve blocks, robotic surgery and transesophageal echocardiography are included, and numerous illustrations and tables assist the reader in rapidly assimilating key information. This authoritative text is edited by distinguished Harvard Medical School faculty, with contributors from many of the leading academic anesthesiology departments in the United States and an introduction from Dr S. R. Mallampati. This book is your essential companion when preparing for board review and recertification exams and in your daily clinical practice.
Counting Backwards: A Doctor's Notes on Anesthesia
Author: Henry Jay Przybylo MD
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN: 0393254445
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 132
Book Description
“An engaging and illuminating exploration of the invisible medical specialty that is anesthesia.… Counting Backwards pulls back the veil on the very act of being alive.” —Danielle Ofri, MD, PhD, author of What Patients Say, What Doctors Hear For many of the 40 million Americans who undergo it each year, anesthesia is the source of great fear and fascination. In Counting Backwards, pediatric anesthesiologist Dr. Henry Jay Przybylo delivers an unforgettable account of the procedure’s daily dramas and fundamental mysteries. Przybylo has administered anesthesia more than 30,000 times over his thirty-year career: on newborn babies, screaming toddlers, sullen teenagers, even a gorilla. Filled with intense moments of near-disaster, life-saving successes, and simple grace, Counting Backwards is for anyone curious about what happens after we lose consciousness.
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN: 0393254445
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 132
Book Description
“An engaging and illuminating exploration of the invisible medical specialty that is anesthesia.… Counting Backwards pulls back the veil on the very act of being alive.” —Danielle Ofri, MD, PhD, author of What Patients Say, What Doctors Hear For many of the 40 million Americans who undergo it each year, anesthesia is the source of great fear and fascination. In Counting Backwards, pediatric anesthesiologist Dr. Henry Jay Przybylo delivers an unforgettable account of the procedure’s daily dramas and fundamental mysteries. Przybylo has administered anesthesia more than 30,000 times over his thirty-year career: on newborn babies, screaming toddlers, sullen teenagers, even a gorilla. Filled with intense moments of near-disaster, life-saving successes, and simple grace, Counting Backwards is for anyone curious about what happens after we lose consciousness.
Core Topics in Airway Management
Author: Ian Calder
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9781139443043
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 230
Book Description
This book provides an easy-to-read introduction to this important topic that will be of value to a wide spectrum of healthcare professionals including anaesthetists, intensivists, ODPs, theatre and recovery nurses. Concise but comprehensive chapters from experts in the field cover everything from basic anatomy, physiology and applied physics, through the various methods of maintaining the airway under anaesthesia (supraglottic devices, tracheal intubation, tubes/cuffs, endobronchial and double-lumen tubes) to the problem airway (obstruction by infection, tumour or a foreign body, ENT and maxillo-facial surgery, aspiration, obstetrics, trauma, cervical spine disease, intensive care, the 'lost' airway, extubation and recovery), the paediatric airway, disinfection and cleaning of equipment and finally morbidity, mortality and medico-legal issues. 'Real' clinical scenarios, with patient management questions and model answers, are included throughout, to bring to life some of the key problems encountered in day-to-day practice and enhance the book's utility as a teaching and self-learning tool.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9781139443043
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 230
Book Description
This book provides an easy-to-read introduction to this important topic that will be of value to a wide spectrum of healthcare professionals including anaesthetists, intensivists, ODPs, theatre and recovery nurses. Concise but comprehensive chapters from experts in the field cover everything from basic anatomy, physiology and applied physics, through the various methods of maintaining the airway under anaesthesia (supraglottic devices, tracheal intubation, tubes/cuffs, endobronchial and double-lumen tubes) to the problem airway (obstruction by infection, tumour or a foreign body, ENT and maxillo-facial surgery, aspiration, obstetrics, trauma, cervical spine disease, intensive care, the 'lost' airway, extubation and recovery), the paediatric airway, disinfection and cleaning of equipment and finally morbidity, mortality and medico-legal issues. 'Real' clinical scenarios, with patient management questions and model answers, are included throughout, to bring to life some of the key problems encountered in day-to-day practice and enhance the book's utility as a teaching and self-learning tool.
Anesthesia for Otolaryngologic Surgery
Author: Basem Abdelmalak
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139789481
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 371
Book Description
Anesthesia for Otolaryngologic Surgery offers a comprehensive synopsis of the anesthetic management options for otolaryngologic and bronchoscopic procedures. Authored by world authorities in the fields of anesthesiology and otolaryngology, both theoretical concepts and practical issues are addressed in detail, providing literature-based evidence wherever available and offering expert clinical opinion where rigorous scientific evidence is lacking. A full chapter is dedicated to every common surgical ENT procedure, as well as less common procedures such as face transplantation. Clinical chapters are enriched with case descriptions, making the text applicable to everyday practice. Chapters are also enhanced by numerous illustrations and recommended anesthetic management plans, as well as hints and tips that draw on the authors' extensive experience. Comprehensively reviewing the whole field, Anesthesia for Otolaryngologic Surgery is an invaluable resource for every clinician involved in the care of ENT surgical patients, including anesthesiologists, otolaryngologists and pulmonologists.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139789481
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 371
Book Description
Anesthesia for Otolaryngologic Surgery offers a comprehensive synopsis of the anesthetic management options for otolaryngologic and bronchoscopic procedures. Authored by world authorities in the fields of anesthesiology and otolaryngology, both theoretical concepts and practical issues are addressed in detail, providing literature-based evidence wherever available and offering expert clinical opinion where rigorous scientific evidence is lacking. A full chapter is dedicated to every common surgical ENT procedure, as well as less common procedures such as face transplantation. Clinical chapters are enriched with case descriptions, making the text applicable to everyday practice. Chapters are also enhanced by numerous illustrations and recommended anesthetic management plans, as well as hints and tips that draw on the authors' extensive experience. Comprehensively reviewing the whole field, Anesthesia for Otolaryngologic Surgery is an invaluable resource for every clinician involved in the care of ENT surgical patients, including anesthesiologists, otolaryngologists and pulmonologists.
Anaesthesia
Author: Kate Cole-Adams
Publisher: Text Publishing
ISBN: 1925410528
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 408
Book Description
Winner, 2017 Mark and Evette Moran Nib Literary Award You know how it is when you go under. The jab, the countdown, the— —and then you wake. This book is about what happens in between. Until a hundred and seventy years ago many people chose death over the ordeal of surgery. Now hundreds of thousands undergo operations every day. Anaesthesia has made it possible. But how much do we really know about what happens to us on the operating table? Can we hear what’s going on around us? Is pain still pain if we are not awake to feel it, or don’t remember it afterwards? How does the unconscious mind deal with the body’s experience of being cut open and ransacked? And how can we help ourselves through it? Haunting, lyrical, sometimes shattering, Anaesthesia leavens science with personal experience to bring an intensely human curiosity to the unknowable realm beyond consciousness. What really happens to us when we are anaesthetised? By this I mean not what happens to the pinging, crackling apparatus of our nerves and spinal cords and brains, but what happens to us—to the person who is me or the person who is you—as doctors go about the messy business of slicing and delving within us? Kate Cole-Adams is a Melbourne writer and journalist. Her non-fiction work Anaesthesia won the Mark and Evette Moran Nib Literary Award, 2017 and the 2017 Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Media Award. It was shortlisted for the Victorian Premier’s Literary Award for Non-fiction, 2017. Her novel Walking to the Moon is also published by Text. ‘Anaesthesia is mesmerising...This rich and thorough study looks more deeply into questions about the nature of consciousness than many of us who undergo an anaesthetic are likely, or willing, to ponder.’ Australian Book Review ‘A work of splendid richness and depth, driven by a curiosity so intense that it hazards at times the extreme boundaries of the sayable.’ Helen Garner ‘Kate Cole-Adams has been fascinated with our funny non-being during surgery for a long time, and Anaesthesia feels like a book that’s taken over a decade to write, which it is. It also feels like you’re having a decade’s worth of conversations with a dogged, but generous and resourceful thinker, with someone (she is both a journalist and a novelist) who can crack open a complex idea, and then run with it.’ Readings 'An obsessive, mystical, terrifying, and even phantasmagorical exploration of anesthesia’s shadowy terra incognita.’ The New Yorker 'Remarkable in its attention to historical detail and quality of the primary sources...practising anaesthetists should read what has become the single best account of our profession’s most philosophically fragile constructs—consciousness and self... Cole-Adams has distilled and articulated the art of our profession.’ Anaesthesia Intensive Care journal (published by Australian Society of Anaesthetists) ‘Extraordinarily well-researched and delicately structured, this is a book with few parallels. Exceptional writing illuminates a topic that affects most of us, but that few of us understand.’ Judges’ Report, Victorian Premier’s Literary Awards, 2018 ‘Comfortably numb. A close-up look at anaesthesia is equal parts social history, popular science and report on experience.’ NZ Listener ‘Anaesthesia is not just an account of medical research but a poetic exploration of the mysteries of the human mind.’ Australian ‘Should be compulsory reading for all anaesthetists, others responsible for the care of surgical patients, and medical students who wish to achieve a true perspective of today’s anaesthesia.’ medicSA ‘Cole-Adams’s prose is sinuous, at times intoxicating, and witty.’ Sydney Morning Herald ‘A troubling, anxious subject that most of us would rather avoid or deflect with dark humour. Cole-Adams has illuminated it in a memorable way. The book is a gift not of oblivion but of awareness.’ Inside Story ‘For the interested reader, it’s an outline of the science, with an emphasis on the unknown. For the practitioner, it’s a patient experience, eloquently expressed. There’s much more the anaesthesia than meets the eye, and this book provides a glimpse into the depths.’ Conversation ‘A fascinating mix of historical background, moving—sometimes shocking—surgical stories, interviews with experts and case studies. Surprisingly, it seems relatively little is really known about exactly how effective and affective anaesthetic is. Despite that, I found this book an oddly reassuring study.’ North and South NZ ‘Kate Cole-Adams has written a book that defies familiar categories. It is a personal memoir, a history, a scientific study, and a philosophical enquiry into the unconscious, and by drawing all these strands together the author has delivered a masterpiece.’ Jamie Grant, head judge, Waverley Council Nib Literary Awards ‘This is a surprising delight of a book about the invention and use of anaesthetics, but it is also about the concept of consciousness. It is a book about the fear of death, the fear of a lack of control, the fear of an imminent operation, the way a life can be plagued by a general feeling of anxiety and how dreams play a part in this.’ Krissy Kneen, Feminist Writers Festival, Favourite Reads of 2017 ‘Kate Cole-Adams’s Anaesthesia propelled me towards new ways of thinking about thinking itself: experience and consciousness and how we make in and make up this world.’ Ashley Hay, Australian, Books of the Year 2017
Publisher: Text Publishing
ISBN: 1925410528
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 408
Book Description
Winner, 2017 Mark and Evette Moran Nib Literary Award You know how it is when you go under. The jab, the countdown, the— —and then you wake. This book is about what happens in between. Until a hundred and seventy years ago many people chose death over the ordeal of surgery. Now hundreds of thousands undergo operations every day. Anaesthesia has made it possible. But how much do we really know about what happens to us on the operating table? Can we hear what’s going on around us? Is pain still pain if we are not awake to feel it, or don’t remember it afterwards? How does the unconscious mind deal with the body’s experience of being cut open and ransacked? And how can we help ourselves through it? Haunting, lyrical, sometimes shattering, Anaesthesia leavens science with personal experience to bring an intensely human curiosity to the unknowable realm beyond consciousness. What really happens to us when we are anaesthetised? By this I mean not what happens to the pinging, crackling apparatus of our nerves and spinal cords and brains, but what happens to us—to the person who is me or the person who is you—as doctors go about the messy business of slicing and delving within us? Kate Cole-Adams is a Melbourne writer and journalist. Her non-fiction work Anaesthesia won the Mark and Evette Moran Nib Literary Award, 2017 and the 2017 Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Media Award. It was shortlisted for the Victorian Premier’s Literary Award for Non-fiction, 2017. Her novel Walking to the Moon is also published by Text. ‘Anaesthesia is mesmerising...This rich and thorough study looks more deeply into questions about the nature of consciousness than many of us who undergo an anaesthetic are likely, or willing, to ponder.’ Australian Book Review ‘A work of splendid richness and depth, driven by a curiosity so intense that it hazards at times the extreme boundaries of the sayable.’ Helen Garner ‘Kate Cole-Adams has been fascinated with our funny non-being during surgery for a long time, and Anaesthesia feels like a book that’s taken over a decade to write, which it is. It also feels like you’re having a decade’s worth of conversations with a dogged, but generous and resourceful thinker, with someone (she is both a journalist and a novelist) who can crack open a complex idea, and then run with it.’ Readings 'An obsessive, mystical, terrifying, and even phantasmagorical exploration of anesthesia’s shadowy terra incognita.’ The New Yorker 'Remarkable in its attention to historical detail and quality of the primary sources...practising anaesthetists should read what has become the single best account of our profession’s most philosophically fragile constructs—consciousness and self... Cole-Adams has distilled and articulated the art of our profession.’ Anaesthesia Intensive Care journal (published by Australian Society of Anaesthetists) ‘Extraordinarily well-researched and delicately structured, this is a book with few parallels. Exceptional writing illuminates a topic that affects most of us, but that few of us understand.’ Judges’ Report, Victorian Premier’s Literary Awards, 2018 ‘Comfortably numb. A close-up look at anaesthesia is equal parts social history, popular science and report on experience.’ NZ Listener ‘Anaesthesia is not just an account of medical research but a poetic exploration of the mysteries of the human mind.’ Australian ‘Should be compulsory reading for all anaesthetists, others responsible for the care of surgical patients, and medical students who wish to achieve a true perspective of today’s anaesthesia.’ medicSA ‘Cole-Adams’s prose is sinuous, at times intoxicating, and witty.’ Sydney Morning Herald ‘A troubling, anxious subject that most of us would rather avoid or deflect with dark humour. Cole-Adams has illuminated it in a memorable way. The book is a gift not of oblivion but of awareness.’ Inside Story ‘For the interested reader, it’s an outline of the science, with an emphasis on the unknown. For the practitioner, it’s a patient experience, eloquently expressed. There’s much more the anaesthesia than meets the eye, and this book provides a glimpse into the depths.’ Conversation ‘A fascinating mix of historical background, moving—sometimes shocking—surgical stories, interviews with experts and case studies. Surprisingly, it seems relatively little is really known about exactly how effective and affective anaesthetic is. Despite that, I found this book an oddly reassuring study.’ North and South NZ ‘Kate Cole-Adams has written a book that defies familiar categories. It is a personal memoir, a history, a scientific study, and a philosophical enquiry into the unconscious, and by drawing all these strands together the author has delivered a masterpiece.’ Jamie Grant, head judge, Waverley Council Nib Literary Awards ‘This is a surprising delight of a book about the invention and use of anaesthetics, but it is also about the concept of consciousness. It is a book about the fear of death, the fear of a lack of control, the fear of an imminent operation, the way a life can be plagued by a general feeling of anxiety and how dreams play a part in this.’ Krissy Kneen, Feminist Writers Festival, Favourite Reads of 2017 ‘Kate Cole-Adams’s Anaesthesia propelled me towards new ways of thinking about thinking itself: experience and consciousness and how we make in and make up this world.’ Ashley Hay, Australian, Books of the Year 2017
Waking Up Safer?
Author: Berend Mets
Publisher: Silverwood Books
ISBN: 9781781327494
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 270
Book Description
An insightful record charting the history of American anaesthesia.
Publisher: Silverwood Books
ISBN: 9781781327494
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 270
Book Description
An insightful record charting the history of American anaesthesia.
The Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders
Author: Roderic G. Eckenhoff
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107559200
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 219
Book Description
A practical guide to perioperative cognitive disorders, the most common complications of anesthesia and surgery in older people.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107559200
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 219
Book Description
A practical guide to perioperative cognitive disorders, the most common complications of anesthesia and surgery in older people.
Neural Mechanisms of Anesthesia
Author: Joseph E. Antognini
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN:
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 498
Book Description
Investigators critically evaluate the latest information on how anesthetics work at the molecular, cellular, organ, and whole animal level. They review anesthetic effects on memory, consciousness, and movement and spell out in detail both the anatomic structures and physiological processes that are their likely targets, as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which they operate. This text draws together and reviews all the recent research on anesthetic mechanisms, highlighting the precise routes along which these substances operate, and how this deeper understanding will lead to the design of effective drugs free of undesirable side effects.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN:
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 498
Book Description
Investigators critically evaluate the latest information on how anesthetics work at the molecular, cellular, organ, and whole animal level. They review anesthetic effects on memory, consciousness, and movement and spell out in detail both the anatomic structures and physiological processes that are their likely targets, as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which they operate. This text draws together and reviews all the recent research on anesthetic mechanisms, highlighting the precise routes along which these substances operate, and how this deeper understanding will lead to the design of effective drugs free of undesirable side effects.