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Author: Kerstin Schneider-Hornstein Publisher: ISBN: 9780750325844 Category : Optical communications Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Many single photon detection systems are based on the technology of superconducting nanowires. But despite their high detection efficiency, the need of cooling them to cryogenic temperatures prohibits their widespread usage. This book shows the progress of integrated (thick) CMOS SPADs towards high photon detection probabilities and applications such as in low-cost consumer data communication and high-end single-photon counting for quantum applications.
Author: Kerstin Schneider-Hornstein Publisher: ISBN: 9780750325844 Category : Optical communications Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Many single photon detection systems are based on the technology of superconducting nanowires. But despite their high detection efficiency, the need of cooling them to cryogenic temperatures prohibits their widespread usage. This book shows the progress of integrated (thick) CMOS SPADs towards high photon detection probabilities and applications such as in low-cost consumer data communication and high-end single-photon counting for quantum applications.
Author: Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0123876966 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 593
Book Description
Single-photon generation and detection is at the forefront of modern optical physics research. This book is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of single-photon techniques and research methods in the spectral region from the visible to the infrared. The use of single photons, produced on demand with well-defined quantum properties, offers an unprecedented set of capabilities that are central to the new area of quantum information and are of revolutionary importance in areas that range from the traditional, such as high sensitivity detection for astronomy, remote sensing, and medical diagnostics, to the exotic, such as secretive surveillance and very long communication links for data transmission on interplanetary missions. The goal of this volume is to provide researchers with a comprehensive overview of the technology and techniques that are available to enable them to better design an experimental plan for its intended purpose. The book will be broken into chapters focused specifically on the development and capabilities of the available detectors and sources to allow a comparative understanding to be developed by the reader along with and idea of how the field is progressing and what can be expected in the near future. Along with this technology, we will include chapters devoted to the applications of this technology, which is in fact much of the driver for its development. This is set to become the go-to reference for this field. - Covers all the basic aspects needed to perform single-photon experiments and serves as the first reference to any newcomer who would like to produce an experimental design that incorporates the latest techniques - Provides a comprehensive overview of the current status of single-photon techniques and research methods in the spectral region from the visible to the infrared, thus giving broad background that should enable newcomers to the field to make rapid progress in gaining proficiency - Written by leading experts in the field, among which, the leading Editor is recognized as having laid down the roadmap, thus providing the reader with an authenticated and reliable source
Author: Michael Hofbauer Publisher: IOP Publishing Limited ISBN: 9780750325820 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 200
Book Description
Many single photon detection systems are based on the technology of superconducting nanowires. But despite their high detection efficiency, the need of cooling them to cryogenic temperatures prohibits their widespread usage. This book shows the progress of integrated (thick) CMOS SPADs towards high photon detection probabilities and applications such as in low-cost consumer data communication and high-end single-photon counting for quantum applications. Newest research results are introduced and comprehensively detailed. Key Features The topic is covered from basics to applications. The properties of discrete SPADs and of integrated SPADs are compared in compact form. Dedicated circuits to exploit discrete and integrated SPADs are introduced and explained in detail. Microelectronics and optoelectronics are combined in an easily understandable way. Numerous elaborate illustrations and tables facilitate and enhance comprehension.
Author: Mohammad D. Al-Amri Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319319035 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 509
Book Description
Light and light based technologies have played an important role in transforming our lives via scientific contributions spanned over thousands of years. In this book we present a vast collection of articles on various aspects of light and its applications in the contemporary world at a popular or semi-popular level. These articles are written by the world authorities in their respective fields. This is therefore a rare volume where the world experts have come together to present the developments in this most important field of science in an almost pedagogical manner. This volume covers five aspects related to light. The first presents two articles, one on the history of the nature of light, and the other on the scientific achievements of Ibn-Haitham (Alhazen), who is broadly considered the father of modern optics. These are then followed by an article on ultrafast phenomena and the invisible world. The third part includes papers on specific sources of light, the discoveries of which have revolutionized optical technologies in our lifetime. They discuss the nature and the characteristics of lasers, Solid-state lighting based on the Light Emitting Diode (LED) technology, and finally modern electron optics and its relationship to the Muslim golden age in science. The book’s fourth part discusses various applications of optics and light in today's world, including biophotonics, art, optical communication, nanotechnology, the eye as an optical instrument, remote sensing, and optics in medicine. In turn, the last part focuses on quantum optics, a modern field that grew out of the interaction of light and matter. Topics addressed include atom optics, slow, stored and stationary light, optical tests of the foundation of physics, quantum mechanical properties of light fields carrying orbital angular momentum, quantum communication, and Wave-Particle dualism in action.
Author: Nigar Sultana Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
With the growing use of online communications in our modern society, information security is becoming a big concern. Along with that, the progress in quantum computers is posing severe threats to such communications. Once powerful quantum computers are available, most of today's encryption schemes, which are based on computationally hard problems, will be broken within a short period. Researchers are therefore making a great effort to establish quantum-safe encryption schemes. One such scheme is quantum key distribution (QKD), which utilizes the laws of quantum mechanics. These cryptography protocols offer unconditional security to the communication between two distant parties by providing a secure way of sharing encryption keys between them. While over the last few decades QKD has continuously progressed, it is limited to a distance of up to several hundred kilometers using terrestrial quantum links. Satellites are therefore being considered to extend the QKD range for global coverage, although implementations of the satellite-based QKD infrastructure are still in their early stage. There are many aspects of QKD that need further assessment and advancement for establishing long-term satellite-based quantum communication (QC). My thesis works were focused on developing advanced systems for single-photon detectors and quantum sources. Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are the most viable option for satellite-based quantum communications. They must travel to outer space either for receiving quantum-states in the ground-to-satellite QC or for characterizing the quantum-sources in the satellite-to-ground QC. However, while in space, SPADs exhibit damage caused by the space radiation that gradually increases their dark counts. Performing QKD is not possible when the dark counts exceed a specific threshold. Hence, methods of reducing the detectors' dark counts by mitigating the damages would help to extend the SPADs' in-space useful lifetime. Laser annealing is one such effective method, found in lab experiments, to heal the radiation-induced detector damages. We now aim to carry out this method in low Earth orbit (LEO) to verify its in-orbit effectiveness. On that goal, we are building an annealing payload (APL) for a cube satellite (CubeSat) in collaboration with the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign (UIUC). We, the University of Waterloo team, built one of the two segments of the APL-- a space-qualified detector module containing two Excelitas C30902SH and Excelitas SLiK detectors. Our miniaturized and compact module integrates the facilities required for the detector operation and laser annealing, as well as an active detector temperature control system. The operation of the detector module is highly flexible and software controllable. Our detector module will work together with the control board containing the laser annealing system (built by the UIUC team). Once the satellite has been launched in 2020, the in-orbit experiment will enable us to study the in-space SPAD radiation damage and their healing using the integrated annealing system. During a second project, we designed and built a new simple readout circuit for the negative feedback avalanche diodes (NFADs), which are free-running single-photon detectors at telecom wavelengths. These detectors suffer from strong afterpulsing effects, which limits their overall performances. Therefore, our readout system incorporates features to suppress NFAD afterpulses. We also used this custom readout to characterize two NFADs (from Princeton Lightwave) and assessed the performance of the new electronics. Our analysis showed that even at higher detection efficiencies, a 20 $\mu$s hold-off time after each avalanche event is enough to extensively reduce the number of afterpulses and to keep the dark count rate below 100 Hz at 192 K temperature. Both the detectors showed timing jitter of less than 75 ps FWHM at their maximum efficiencies. The best figure of merit is found to be 1.6$\times 10^7$, which is comparable to that of the high-performing superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. This result demonstrates the suitability of our readout and the NFADs in various quantum optics applications, such as in long-distance quantum key distribution, where the detection rate is usually low. We then performed a blinding attack, which enables an Eavesdropper in QKD to gain information on the key, on these NFADs using bright illumination. These detectors are usually threshold detectors that generate a click when the optical power is above a certain threshold, otherwise they do not click. Blinding attack utilizes detectors' inability to resolve the photon numbers. During the experiment, we sent controlled optical pulses with a high time resolution to deterministically force detection at the detectors. The result demonstrated the NFADs' susceptibility to these attacks, which tells us to include countermeasures into the system to protect the communications. Finally, we built a quantum source to produce 785 nm polarized photons to implement decoy-state BB84 QKD. Our source utilized the sum-frequency generation scheme to generate 785 nm laser pulses. Its modulator system includes an intensity modulator and two-phase modulators in the Mach-Zehnder configuration to prepare polarized quantum states with different intensities. Our source provides a repetition rate of 500 MHz, which was successfully used in an airborne QKD demonstration with a moving receiver up to $10~ km$ distance. To summarize, my research projects are a contribution to the development of advanced devices, particularly single-photon detectors for quantum communications.
Author: Markus Rambach Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319971549 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 154
Book Description
This book provides a step-by-step guide on how to construct a narrowband single photon source for the integration with atom-based memory systems. It combines the necessary theoretical background with crucial experimental methods and characterisations to form a complete handbook for readers at all academic levels. The future implementation of large quantum networks will require the hybridisation of photonic qubits for communication with quantum memories in the context of information storage. Such an interface requires carefully tailored single photons to ensure compatibility with the chosen memory. The source itself is remarkable for a number of reasons, including being the spectrally narrowest and brightest source of its kind; in addition, it offers a novel technique for frequency stabilisation in an optical cavity, together with exceptional portability. Starting with a thorough analysis of the current literature, this book derives the essential parameters needed to design the source, describes its individual components in detail, and closes with the characterisation of a single photon source.
Author: Karl K. Berggren Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters ISBN: 0128058056 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 45
Book Description
Superconducting materials provide a unique opportunity for single-photon detectors. The combination of the strong non-linearity present in the superconducting-metal transition and in Josephson junctions; the unique electrical property of zero resistance; the fast relaxation processes present in many superconducting materials; and the easily engineered optical absorptance of metals results in a system that can be adapted to many photo-detection requirements. As a result of these material features, a variety of detector families have emerged in recent years based on superconducting nanowires, tunnel junctions, weak thermal links, and kinetic-inductive resonators. The detectors variously provide high speed single-photon detection; high-sensitivity in the infrared, optical, UV, or even x-ray wavelengths; and high efficiency. The resulting applications include quantum and classical high-data-rate communication, biological imaging, LIDAR, and VLSI circuit evaluation among others.
Author: Kerstin Schneider-Hornstein
Author: Kerstin Schneider-Hornstein
Author: Michael Hofbauer
Author: 
Author: Michael Hofbauer
Author: Mohammad D. Al-Amri
Author: J.C. Bienfang
Author: Nigar Sultana
Author: Glenn S. Solomon
Author: Markus Rambach
Author: Karl K. Berggren