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Author: Misle M. Tessema Publisher: ISBN: Category : Solar cells Languages : en Pages : 220
Book Description
A cadmium sulfide / cadmium telluride (CdS/CdTe) solar cell consists of the device stack: Glass substrate / SnO2:F (TCO, transparent conductive oxide) / CdS (n-type semiconductor) / CdTe (p-type semiconductor) / Cu/Au (metal/back contact). During the fabrication process of the CdS and CdTe thin films pinholes are usually formed within these layers (random defects, which are entropy driven). After the semiconductor deposition, and subsequent heat treatments, the solar cell is completed with the deposition of a metal electrode onto the CdTe surface. The presence of a pinhole through the semiconductor layers leads to the formation of a wire like connection through the photovoltaic device (shunt, metal connection of the TCO and metal electrodes), which adversely affects the overall performance of the solar cell. Our proposed solution is to fill these pinholes with a resistive material such as polyaniline, using an electrochemical deposition (electrochemical polymerization) technique. The electrochemical deposition technique is performed by applying a voltage across a conductive substrate (TCO coated glass) and an inert electrode (Pt), both placed inside an electrolyte rich solution containing aniline. The aniline monomer then reacts at the positively charged conductive substrate to form a polymer (polyaniline). After the polyaniline film deposition, this new layer acts as an insulating layer, preventing the back contact (Cu/Au) from electrically contacting the TCO layer, thus avoiding shunting of the solar cell. Characterization techniques employed in this study are: depth profilemeter, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron spray ionization - mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and grazing angle incidence x-ray diffraction. Subsequently, this technique is applied to CdTe solar cells that have pinholes and on an artificially scribed pinhole. After the electro deposition of polyaniline the CdTe solar cell is completed by metalizing using a Cu-Au back contact, and characterized by JV-measurements, under AM1.5 (terrestrial spectrum). Thus, we were able to obtain promising results that indicate both the deposition of the polymer on the device and hindrance of shunting of the CdTe solar cell.
Author: Misle M. Tessema Publisher: ISBN: Category : Solar cells Languages : en Pages : 220
Book Description
A cadmium sulfide / cadmium telluride (CdS/CdTe) solar cell consists of the device stack: Glass substrate / SnO2:F (TCO, transparent conductive oxide) / CdS (n-type semiconductor) / CdTe (p-type semiconductor) / Cu/Au (metal/back contact). During the fabrication process of the CdS and CdTe thin films pinholes are usually formed within these layers (random defects, which are entropy driven). After the semiconductor deposition, and subsequent heat treatments, the solar cell is completed with the deposition of a metal electrode onto the CdTe surface. The presence of a pinhole through the semiconductor layers leads to the formation of a wire like connection through the photovoltaic device (shunt, metal connection of the TCO and metal electrodes), which adversely affects the overall performance of the solar cell. Our proposed solution is to fill these pinholes with a resistive material such as polyaniline, using an electrochemical deposition (electrochemical polymerization) technique. The electrochemical deposition technique is performed by applying a voltage across a conductive substrate (TCO coated glass) and an inert electrode (Pt), both placed inside an electrolyte rich solution containing aniline. The aniline monomer then reacts at the positively charged conductive substrate to form a polymer (polyaniline). After the polyaniline film deposition, this new layer acts as an insulating layer, preventing the back contact (Cu/Au) from electrically contacting the TCO layer, thus avoiding shunting of the solar cell. Characterization techniques employed in this study are: depth profilemeter, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron spray ionization - mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and grazing angle incidence x-ray diffraction. Subsequently, this technique is applied to CdTe solar cells that have pinholes and on an artificially scribed pinhole. After the electro deposition of polyaniline the CdTe solar cell is completed by metalizing using a Cu-Au back contact, and characterized by JV-measurements, under AM1.5 (terrestrial spectrum). Thus, we were able to obtain promising results that indicate both the deposition of the polymer on the device and hindrance of shunting of the CdTe solar cell.
Author: Cliff Orori Mosiori Publisher: diplom.de ISBN: 3954898462 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 220
Book Description
Thin films can be used to fabricate optoelectronic devices. Technology is currently focusing on ternary thin film composition because of their structure, inter-band transitions and other optical properties that can be maximized. This book discusses in detail the optical characteristics of ternary thin films and further investigates the behavior of Iron Zinc Sulphide, Lead Silver Sulphide, Copper Silver Sulphide, Copper Zinc Sulphide and Cadmium Zinc Sulphide. Thin films are of fundamental importance in modern technology.
Author: Stuart J C Irvine Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry ISBN: 1849733465 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 357
Book Description
This book will provide an authoritative reference on the various aspects of materials science that will impact the next generation of photovoltaic (PV) module technology. The materials emphasis will bring a fresh perspective to the literature and will highlight the many issues that are often buried in other texts where the solution to materials challenges can be crucial in developing a new PV technology. The emphasis of the book will be on the range of thin film PV materials. Thin film PV is growing more rapidly that crystalline silicon and although only 10% of the current market could dominate in the longer term. This book will address the fundamental aspects of PV solar cell materials and give a comprehensive description of each of the major thin film materials either in research or in production. Particular attention will be given to the key materials drivers of solar conversion efficiency, long term stability, materials costs and materials sustainability. The book will be essential reading for materials scientists, energy technologists and all those involved in solid-state physics.
Author: Arvind Shah Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030464873 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 357
Book Description
This book gives a comprehensive introduction to the field of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells and modules. In thirteen chapters, it addresses a wide range of topics including the spectrum of light received by PV devices, the basic functioning of a solar cell, and the physical factors limiting the efficiency of solar cells. It places particular emphasis on crystalline silicon solar cells and modules, which constitute today more than 90 % of all modules sold worldwide. Describing in great detail both the manufacturing process and resulting module performance, the book also touches on the newest developments in this sector, such as Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact (TOPCON) and heterojunction modules, while dedicating a major chapter to general questions of module design and fabrication. Overall, it presents the essential theoretical and practical concepts of PV solar cells and modules in an easy-to-understand manner and discusses current challenges facing the global research and development community.
Author: Leonid A. Kosyachenko Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand ISBN: 9533075708 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 472
Book Description
The first book of this four-volume edition is dedicated to one of the most promising areas of photovoltaics, which has already reached a large-scale production of the second-generation thin-film solar modules and has resulted in building the powerful solar plants in several countries around the world. Thin-film technologies using direct-gap semiconductors such as CIGS and CdTe offer the lowest manufacturing costs and are becoming more prevalent in the industry allowing to improve manufacturability of the production at significantly larger scales than for wafer or ribbon Si modules. It is only a matter of time before thin films like CIGS and CdTe will replace wafer-based silicon solar cells as the dominant photovoltaic technology. Photoelectric efficiency of thin-film solar modules is still far from the theoretical limit. The scientific and technological problems of increasing this key parameter of the solar cell are discussed in several chapters of this volume.
Author: Anthony Clark Vasko Publisher: ISBN: Category : Mercury cadmium tellurides Languages : en Pages : 396
Book Description
Cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells are traditionally made on glass in a superstrate configuration, taking advantage of the transparency and mechanical rigidity of glass, as well as the ability to form the back contact last. However, there are advantages to fabricating solar cells on flexible substrates such as plastic sheets. Advantages include high specific powers (power generated per mass of the device) for low weight applications, the possibility for continuous roll-to-roll manufacturing suitable for industry, and the opportunity to place solar devices on objects and structures that are not necessarily flat. We have fabricated various flexible CdTe devices through sputter deposition, using aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) as a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) top contact. Early devices, made by naively applying fabrication techniques used with glass cells, had poor performance. This inspired several investigations. Traditional simple heuristic analysis of solar cell current-voltage curves assumes the cell is reasonably performing and that series and shunt resistance losses are small. This was not true for our early cells, inspiring us to derive a simple model for very poor cells. Early cells showed significant losses due to both series and shunt resistance. Series resistance losses in flexible cells inspired us to investigate more deeply series resistance losses in general, resulting in a fairly simple model that relates fill factor losses, in dot cells made in a typical geometry, to TCO sheet resistance. This model was confirmed by experiment. Series resistance losses also led to futher investigation of AZO properties. We have found that AZO sheet resistance increases during cell fabrication, but a model that is supported by experiment indicates that the resistivity change is limited to a finite thickness of material. This allows fabrication of AZO which remains of good sheet resistance throughout the fabrication process. Shunt resistance losses inspired a study of highly resistive and transparent (HRT) zinc oxide made by reactive sputtering with oxygen, which can be used as a buffer for shunts. Data on resisitivity as a function of oxygen in the sputter gas is given when using doped and undoped zinc oxygen sputter targets. Calculations on theoretical effects of such buffer layers are also presented. A high temperature cadmium chloride (CdCl2) treatment is needed to create high efficiency CdTe cells. This can be a difficult step for flexible cells, as it can lead to CdTe film delamination. We have optimized a treatment for flexible cells and found that conditions, different from those which are optimal for cells on glass, allows high performance with no delamination. Understanding of these issues allowed progress in the performance of our cells fabricated on flexible substrates. Ultimately, we have fabricated a flexible CdTe cell with efficiency of 10.5%. This efficiency is, to our knowledge, the best of any flexible CdTe cell which uses zinc oxide as a transparent conducting oxide. The performance of these cells also compares favorably to the best overall flexible CdTe cells.
Author: Udai P. Singh Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 9811937249 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 281
Book Description
This book provides recent development in thin-film solar cells (TFSC). TFSC have proven the promising approach for terrestrial and space photovoltaics. TFSC have the potential to change the device design and produce high efficiency devices on rigid/flexible substrates with significantly low manufacturing cost. TFSC have several advantages in manufacturing compared to traditional crystalline Si-solar cells like less requirement of materials, can be prepared with earth’s abundant materials, less processing steps, easy to dispose, etc. Several universities/research institutes/industry in India and abroad are involved in the research area of thin-film solar cells. The book helps the readers to find the details about different thin-film technologies and its advancement at one place. Each chapter covers properties of materials, its suitability for PV applications, simple manufacturing processes and recent and past literature survey. The issues related to the development of high efficiency TFSC devices over large area and its commercial and future prospects are discussed.
Author: Misle M. Tessema
Author: Misle M. Tessema
Author: Cliff Orori Mosiori
Author: Stuart J C Irvine![Advanced Processing of CdTe- and CuIn[subscript 1-x]Ga[subscript x]Se2-Based Solar Cells: Final Technical Report, 26 May 1998-22 December 2001 PDF](https://books.google.com/books/content/images/frontcover/HZUQWv8PMD0C?fife=w80-h100)
Author: Don Louis Morel
Author: Rachael Greenhalgh
Author: Arvind Shah
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Author: Leonid A. Kosyachenko
Author: Anthony Clark Vasko
Author: Udai P. Singh