Sexual Selection and Alternative Reproductive Tactics in Cyprinodon Elegans PDF Download

Author: Jennifer M. Gumm
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781109166828
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 106

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Book Description
In systems with alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs), males have discrete behaviors and morphologies that allow them to optimize their reproductive success in relation to others in the population. Males with different phenotypes directly compete with one another for mates, providing unique opportunities for studying social interactions within a species. Using the Comanche Springs pupfish, Cyprinodon elegans, a species with three alternative reproductive tactics, I examine how male behaviors and social interactions influence the reproductive success of each tactic.

Author: Rui F. Oliveira
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139469525
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 490

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Book Description
The study of alternative reproductive tactics (the behavioural strategies used by individuals to increase their reproductive success) is an evolutionary puzzle, and one of great interest to researchers. For instance, why do some males guard both nest and eggs, while others sneak into nests while pairs are spawning and fertilise those eggs? The field offers a special opportunity to study the evolution and functional causes of phenotypic variation, which is a general problem in the field of evolutionary biology. By integrating both mechanistic (psychological) and evolutionary (behavioural ecology) perspectives and by covering a great diversity of species, Alternative Reproductive Tactics addresses this integrated topic of longstanding interest, bringing together a multitude of otherwise scattered information in an accessible form that is ideal for graduate students and researchers.

Author: Regina H. Macedo
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0123914566
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 479

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Book Description
Sexual Selection: Perspectives and Models from the Neotropics presents new sexual selection research based upon neotropical species. As neotropical regions are destroyed at an alarming rate, with an estimated 140 species of rainforest plants and animals going extinct every day, it is important to bring neotropical research to the fore now. Sexual selection occurs when the male or female of a species is attracted by certain characteristics such as form, color or behavior. When those features lead to a greater probability of successful mating, they become more prominent in the species. Although most theoretical concepts concerning sexual selection and reproductive strategies are based upon North American and European fauna, the Neotropical region encompasses much more biodiversity, with as many as 15,000 plant and animal species in a single acre of rain forest. This book illustrates concepts in sexual selection through themes ranging from female cryptic choice in insects, sexual conflict in fish, interaction between sexual selection and the immune system, nuptial gifts, visual and acoustic sexual signaling, parental investment, to alternative mating strategies, among others. These approaches distinguish Sexual Selection from current publications in sexual selection, mainly because of the latitudinal and taxonomic focus, so that readers will be introduced to systems mostly unknown outside the tropics, several of which bring into question some well-established patterns for temperate regions. - Synthesizes sexual selection research on species from the Neotropics - Combines different perspectives and levels of analysis using a broad taxonomic basis, introducing readers to systems mostly unknown outside the tropics and bringing into question well-established patterns for temperate regions - Includes contributions exploring concepts and theory as well as discussions on a variety of Neotropical vertebrates and invertebrates, such as insects, fish, arthropods and birds

Author: Stephen M. Shuster
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 0691049319
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 545

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Book Description
Using the concept of the opportunity for sexual selection, the authors illustrate how and why sexual selection, though restricted to one sex and opposed in the other, is one of the strongest and fastest of all evolutionary forces.

Author: Melissa Nena Liotta
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Sexual dimorphism (Animals)
Languages : en
Pages : 160

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Book Description
Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) occur when members of the same sex within a species are dimorphic for reproductive phenotypes. ARTs typically evolve in response to strong sexual selection and involve alternate ways to gain reproductive success through suites of correlated behavioral, morphological, and life history traits. Due to their shared genome, ARTs likely share the genetic architecture for homologous traits, yet may have different phenotypic optima for these traits. If this is the case, the evolution of dimorphism or further dimorphism towards an ART’s specific optimum may be constrained by their genetic architecture, resulting in intralocus tactical conflict (IATC). Studies on the evolutionary effects of intralocus conflict have mainly focused on shared traits between the sexes, while investigations into intralocus conflict on ARTs is relatively new. My dissertation investigates whether IATC is acting on shared reproductive traits between the male ARTs of the swordtail fish Xiphophorus multilineatus. Xiphophorus multilineatus males exhibit two ARTs, a courter that uses only courtship to attract females, and a sneaker that is behaviorally plastic and uses both courtship and forced copulatory sneak-chases. In chapter 1, I characterized the dimorphism between courter and sneaker males for body shape, which has implications for swimming performance and thus successful execution of each ARTs’ mating behavior. In addition, I investigated the relationship between body shape and mating behavior in the sneaker males to determine if sneak-chase and courtship is phenotypically integrated with body shape. I found that courter and sneaker males are dimorphic for body shape, even when males overlap in size, and that more fusiform sneaker males are more likely to use sneak-chase behavior.

Author: Son Young Kim
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Fishes
Languages : en
Pages : 200

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Book Description
Understanding the sources of variation that make up complex phenotypes has been a long-standing goal of evolutionary biology. Sexually-selected polymorphisms such as those found in alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) are an example of complex phenotypes that show extreme variation among multiple traits. Males often show phenotypic traits that vary in size, ornamentation, coloration, and behavior. For my dissertation, I used an integrative approach to investigate aspects of the social, hormonal and genetic effects that contribute to alternative reproductive tactics using male sailfin mollies, Poecilia latipinna, a live-bearing fish species. Complex phenotypes have both genetic and environmental sources of variation, and hormones often mediate the interaction between these two sources. Maternal effects and the presence of rival males are two such social environmental factors that can affect male phenotypes. First, I examined the effects of other rival males on male mate choice for conspecific females, and on the changes in circulating levels of the androgen 11-ketotestosterone (KT) and cortisol within a mate choice context. Although rival males did not affect male mate choice, these potential competitors did affect the KT release rates of focal males and females. Further, males released more KT with increasing size of the rival male. Then, I investigated how cortisol release rates varied in female sailfin mollies during gestation to identify the potential effects of maternal stress on son phenotype. I conducted an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-challenge to determine the natural range of cortisol by gestating and non-gestating females and whether within and among individual variation (repeatability) contributed to female cortisol release rates. Gestational status did not correlate with cortisol but females showed high repeatability in cortisol release rates which suggests that variation in maternal stress may affect offspring and that cortisol release rates may be heritable. Lastly, I identified the genetic basis of male phenotypic variation using a genome-wide association study. Using a Bayesian sparse linear mixed model approach, I characterize the underlying genomic architecture of relevant morphological traits that define ARTs in male sailfin such as body size. I found that the phenotypic traits associated with ARTs in male sailfin mollies show a complex genetic architecture with many loci of small effect, which suggests that these ART traits are polygenic and reflect high heritability. Together, these chapters provide greater understanding of the genetic and physiological mechanisms for the variation in male phenotypes of sailfin mollies.

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Animals
Languages : en
Pages : 1032

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Book Description

Author: Charles J. Krebs
Publisher: Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company
ISBN: 9780321068798
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 695

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Book Description
This best-selling majors ecology book continues to present ecology as a series of problems for readers to critically analyze. No other text presents analytical, quantitative, and statistical ecological information in an equally accessible style. Reflecting the way ecologists actually practice, the book emphasizes the role of experiments in testing ecological ideas and discusses many contemporary and controversial problems related to distribution and abundance. Throughout the book, Krebs thoroughly explains the application of mathematical concepts in ecology while reinforcing these concepts with research references, examples, and interesting end-of-chapter review questions. Thoroughly updated with new examples and references, the book now features a new full-color design and is accompanied by an art CD-ROM for instructors. The field package also includes The Ecology Action Guide, a guide that encourages readers to be environmentally responsible citizens, and a subscription to The Ecology Place (www.ecologyplace.com), a web site and CD-ROM that enables users to become virtual field ecologists by performing experiments such as estimating the number of mice on an imaginary island or restoring prairie land in Iowa. For college instructors and students.

Author: Tim Birkhead
Publisher: Harvard University Press
ISBN: 9780674006669
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 300

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Book Description
Birkhead reveals a world in which males and females vie with each other as they strive to maximize their reproductive success. Color illustrations.

Author: Scott P. Carroll
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0199719225
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 393

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Book Description
The main goal of this book is to encourage and formalize the infusion of evolutionary thinking into mainstream conservation biology. It reviews the evolutionary foundations of conservation issues, and unifies conceptual and empirical advances in evolutionary conservation biology. The book can be used either as a primary textbook or as a supplementary reading in an advanced undergraduate or graduate level course - likely to be called Conservation Biology or in some cases Evolutionary Ecology. The focus of chapters is on current concepts in evolution as they pertain to conservation, and the empirical study of these concepts. The balanced treatment avoids exhaustive reviews and overlapping duplication among the chapters. Little background in genetics is assumed of the reader.